WATER TREATMENT PLANT PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS AND OPERATIONS -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- 1 Microscopic Particle Analysis -- Bloomington Water Sources and Treatment Plant Processes -- Number of Bacterial Cells in Natural and Treated Waters -- Results of Microscopic Enumeration -- Comparative Evaluation of Lime Softener/Clarifiers -- Effect of Backwash on Filter Performance -- Electronic Particle Counting for Evaluation of Filter Performance -- Photomicrographs Using Epifluorescence Microscopy -- Light Microscopy -- References -- 2 Plant Process Evaluations -- Particles Observed at Various Water Treatment Stages -- Improving Filter Performance Following Backwash -- References -- 3 Lime Softening -- Plant Performance Evaluations -- Removal of Organic Matter -- Reference -- 4 Acidification Protocol -- Regulation of Turbidity as a Microbiological Surrogate -- Advanced Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Water Treatment Plant Performance -- Formation of Particles During Treatment -- Implications for Assessment of Water Treatment Plant Process Efficiency -- Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule -- Acidification -- Acidification Protocol -- Alternate Exceedance Levels -- References -- 5 Filter Operations -- Particle Removal During Filtration -- The Bloomington Filters -- Filter Operations -- Granular Activated Carbon Performance and Characteristics -- Filter Media Size Distribution -- Microbial Growth on Filter Media -- Filter Effluent: Calcium Carbonate Post-Precipitation -- Filter Washing -- Procedure for Evaluating Biological Activity on Filter Media -- Recommended Testing of Auxiliary Air Scour -- References -- 6 Grit Removal -- Gritting -- ClariCone Settling Velocities Versus Applied Flow -- Grit Removal Modification -- Recarbonation Following Slurry Blanket Upset -- Particle Size Analysis: Effect of Gritting -- Post Grit.

pH and Conductivity -- Effect of Grit Removal on Blanket Stability -- Revised Grit Removal Protocol -- 7 Lime Softener Performance Enhancements -- Modified Lime Slurry Feed Points -- Evaluation of Grit Removal Process -- Reduction in Blanket Upsets, Lime Overfeeds, and Carbon Dioxide Requirements -- Recarbonation Basins: Post-Precipitation Particle Size Analysis -- Results of the Evaluation of the Gritting Process -- Evaluation of the Inline Degritter -- 8 Lime Softener Operational Enhancements -- Treatment Chemistry -- Flow Rates to ClariCones -- Energy Input to Impart Spiral Flow -- Modification of Kinetic Energy Input -- Effect of Gritting on Slurry Blanket -- Effect of Blowdown on Sludge Blanket -- Frequency of Intense Cleaning -- Maintenance of Lime Delivery System -- 9 Granular Activated Carbon -- Benefits of Granular Activated Carbon -- Costs of Carbon -- Reference -- 10 Plant Operations Manual -- Development of Operations Manual and Guidelines Documents -- Bloomington Water Supply History -- Water Treatment Plant Processes -- Laboratory Facilities -- Shop Facilities -- Operator's Laboratory -- Communications Between Operators and Operational Continuity -- Future Development of Operational Guidelines -- Reference -- 11 Taste-and-Odor Control -- Nutrient Sources and Organism Growth -- Laboratory Capabilities for Assessing Lake and Treated Water Quality -- Destratification -- Lake Source Water Protection -- Odor Control: Operating Procedures and Processes -- Finished Water Taste and Odor Monitoring -- Operational Alternatives -- Evaluation of Potential for Modified or Enhanced Treatment Process -- Biodegradation: Bloomington's Water Treatment Plant Operations Manual -- Microscopic Examination and Description of Micrographs -- Taste and Odor Remission and PAC Studies -- Dominant Organisms in Evergreen Lake -- Potential Future Trials -- References.

12 GAC Adsorption and Microbial Degradation -- Removal of Geosmin on GAC -- Removal of Geosmin Using Ozonated Air -- Lake Water Monitoring for Geosmin and MIB -- Follow-up Study of Temperature Effects -- Ultraviolet Light plus Hydrogen Peroxide -- Early Detection and Control of Impending Taste-and-Odor Episodes at Evergreen Lake -- Implications for Plant Operational Control -- Appendix A: Procedures for Total Bacterial Cell Count by Epifluorescence Microscopy -- Appendix B: Potential Studies Involving Microscopic Particle Analysis: Particle Identification, Enumeration, and Sizing -- Appendix C: Development of Operator Guidelines -- Index.