contents -- summary in dutch -- inleiding -- infrastructuren in de schijnwerpers -- regimeverandering in infrastructuren -- efficiëntie en publieke waarden -- de noodzaak van investeringen -- uitdagingen voor de toekomst -- de europese dimensie -- een strategische heroriëntatie -- nieuwe rollen -- nieuwe verbindingen -- nieuwe checks and balances -- tot slot -- executive summary -- preface -- 1 introduction -- 1.1 why this report? -- 1.1.1 the vital (but often neglected) role of infrastructures -- 1.1.2 the effects of integration and interdependence -- 1.2 regime change in infrastructures -- 1.2.1 five modes of regime change -- 1.2.2 two stages of regime change: type i and type ii market failures -- 1.2.3 the changing interaction between the public and the private -- 1.2.4 changing actors, various levels -- 1.3 the fundamental dilemma - the mission paradox? -- 1.3.1 definition of the problem -- 1.4 investment in infrastructures - a necessary focus -- 1.4.1 critical investment decisions -- 1.4.2 a sector-wide focus on investment -- 1.4.3 public values -- 1.5 challenges on investment decisions ininfrastructures -- 1.5.1 technological change -- 1.5.2 new sources of investment gaining ground and diminishingpublic ownership/control -- 1.5.3 climate change -- 1.5.4 the european dimension -- 1.6 approach -- 1.7 conclusion -- 2 regime change and investment ininfrastructures -- 2.1 introduction -- 2.2 the role of infrastructures -- 2.3 the specifics of investment in infrastructures -- 2.4 regime change: an incomplete process -- 2.5 defining liberalisation, privatisation, unbundling,corporatisation and internationalisation -- 2.5.1 liberalisation -- 2.5.2 privatisation -- 2.5.3 unbundling -- 2.5.4 corporatisation -- 2.5.5 internationalisation -- 2.6 continuous regime change and hybrid arrangements -- 2.6.1 intended and unintended consequences.

2.6.2 direct and indirect consequences -- 2.7 function and governance -- 2.8 results of regime change: numerous andheterogeneous actors and multi-levels -- 2.9 conclusion -- 3 a new constellation of actors -- 3.1 introduction -- 3.1.1 regime change: rival actors, multiple principals and splinteredarenas -- 3.2 splintered arenas -- 3.3 new actors -- 3.4 multiple principals and multiple agents -- 3.5 hybrids -- 3.5.1 hybrid organisations -- 3.5.2 public private partnerships -- 3.5.3 key observations with regard to hybrids -- 3.5.4 changing role of government in multiple actor/multipleprincipal settings -- 3.6 conclusion -- 4 infrastructures in a multi-level arena -- 4.1 introduction -- 4.2 functional internationalisation of infrastructures -- 4.3 the european union facilitating investmentdecisions in infrastructures -- 4.3.1 internal market-related policies -- 4.3.2 trans-european networks (tens) -- 4.3.3 critical infrastructures policies -- 4.4 the eu constraining investment decisions ininfrastructures -- 4.5 new types of governance at the eu level: governancethrough networks and agencies -- 4.5.1 introduction -- 4.5.2 different types and developments -- 4.5.3 accountability issues -- 4.6 conclusion -- 5 regime change and public values ininfrastructures -- 5.1 introduction -- 5.2 what are public values in infrastructures? -- 5.2.1 public values or public interests? -- 5.2.2 the debate in the early stages of regime change -- 5.2.3 public values and investment in infrastructures -- 5.2.4 the dynamics of public values -- 5.2.5 concluding remarks: an approach toward public values -- 5.3 institutional arrangements to realise public values -- 5.3.1 independent economic regulation and public values -- 5.3.2 contracts and concessions and public values -- 5.3.3 self-regulation and public values.

5.3.4 concluding remarks: the need for review of the initialresponses -- 5.4 options for the review of the institutionalarrangements -- 5.4.1 review of the independent regulator -- 5.4.2 bringing the state back in -- 5.4.3 two options combined -- 5.5 conclusion -- 6 regime change and investment in energyinfrastructure -- 6.1 introduction -- 6.2 energy infrastructure and public values -- 6.3 regime change in the dutch energy sector -- 6.3.1 the past -- 6.3.2 regime change: new primary actors, new interest groups -- 6.3.3 regime change: policy, public values and supervision -- 6.3.4 regime change: new markets and new transactions -- 6.4 the regulatory regime in the energy sector:static efficiencies and unforeseen consequences -- 6.4.1 regulation of tariffs and networks investment -- 6.5 future energy sector challenges -- 6.5.1 changing supply patterns -- 6.5.2 the challenge of climate change -- 6.6 examples -- 6.6.1 the gas sector -- 6.6.2 conflicting policy and regulatory objectives -- 6.6.3 underground storage systems and transport: where naturalgas and carbon meet -- 6.6.4 the development of co2 sequestration facilities -- 6.7 experiences from abroad: australia -- 6.8 conclusion -- 7 conclusions and recommendations -- 7.1 introduction - the challenges ahead -- 7.2 regime change -- 7.2.1 the changing role of government under regime change -- 7.2.2 regime change: from a 'type i' to a 'type ii'-strategy -- 7.3 public values in infrastructures -- 7.4 a new actor and a multiple-level constellation:consequences of the diagnosis -- 7.4.1 heterogeneous actors and multiple levels -- 7.4.2 distrust and uncertainty, risks and rewards -- 7.4.3 investment and its functions -- 7.4.4 different effects in different infrastructures -- 7.5 towards a strategic policy framework: redefine,realign and recalibrate.

7.6 pillar i: defining and redefining roles andresponsibilities -- 7.6.1 the role of government -- 7.6.2 the role of ministers in the evolution of sectoral road maps -- 7.6.3 the role of independent regulators -- 7.6.4 new roles for regulators? -- 7.6.5 new roles in system coordination -- 7.6.6 avoiding blurring of roles and interests -- 7.7 pillar ii - realigning goals and resources: exploringways to join-up and connect actors and levels -- 7.7.1 joined-up action at the political level -- 7.7.2 joined-up action at the regulatory level -- 7.7.3 conferral of concurrent powers -- 7.7.4 multilevel joining-up -- 7.7.5 learning from brussels? -- 7.8 pillar iii - recalibrating checks and balances -- 7.8.1 a national super fund for infrastructures? -- 7.8.2 strategic public shareholdings -- 7.8.3 procedural checks and balances -- 7.8.4 multi-level checks and balances -- 7.9 time to invest -- abbreviations -- bibliography.