Contents -- Foreword to the second edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Increased attention: why? -- 1.2 Relationships between insects and plants -- 1.3 Relevance for agriculture -- 1.4 Insect-plant research involves many biological subdisciplines -- 1.5 References -- 2 Herbivorous insects: something for everyone -- 2.1 Host-plant specialization -- 2.2 Food-plant range and host-plant range -- 2.3 Specialization on plant parts -- 2.3.1 Above-ground herbivory -- 2.3.2 Below-ground herbivory -- 2.4 Number of insect species per plant species -- 2.5 Herbivorous insects: are they plant taxonomists? -- 2.6 Host plant is more than food plant -- 2.7 Microclimates around plants -- 2.8 Extent of insect damage in natural and agricultural ecosystems -- 2.9 Compensation for herbivore damage -- 2.10 Conclusions -- 2.11 References -- 3 Plant structure: the solidity of anti-herbivore protection -- 3.1 Insect feeding systems -- 3.2 Leaf surface -- 3.2.1 Epicuticular waxes -- 3.2.2 Trichomes -- 3.3 Leaf toughness -- 3.3.1 Mandible wear -- 3.3.2 C[sub(3)] and C[sub(4)] plants -- 3.4 Structures involved in mutualistic relationships -- 3.5 Plant galls -- 3.6 Plant architecture -- 3.7 Conclusions -- 3.8 References -- 4 Plant chemistry: endless variety -- 4.1 Plant biochemistry -- 4.1.1 Primary plant metabolism -- 4.1.2 Secondary plant substances -- 4.2 Alkaloids -- 4.3 Terpenoids and steroids -- 4.4 Phenolics -- 4.5 Glucosinolates -- 4.6 Cyanogenics -- 4.7 Leaf surface chemistry -- 4.8 Plant volatiles -- 4.9 Concentrations of secondary plant substances -- 4.10 Production costs -- 4.11 Compartmentation -- 4.12 Temporal variability -- 4.12.1 Seasonal effects -- 4.12.2 Day/night effects -- 4.12.3 Interyear variation -- 4.13 Effects of location and fertilizers -- 4.13.1 Sun and shade -- 4.13.2 Soil factors.

4.14 Induced resistance -- 4.14.1 Induced direct resistance -- 4.14.2 Induced indirect resistance -- 4.14.3 Variation in herbivore-induced changes -- 4.14.4 Genomic and metabolomic changes induced by herbivory -- 4.14.5 Systemic effects -- 4.14.6 Long-term responses -- 4.14.7 Signal transduction -- 4.14.8 Interaction between herbivore-induced and pathogen-induced changes -- 4.14.9 Plant-plant interactions -- 4.15 Genotypic variation -- 4.15.1 Inter-individual variation in plant chemistry -- 4.15.2 Intra-individual variation in plant chemistry -- 4.15.3 Plant sex affects insect susceptibility -- 4.16 Conclusions -- 4.17 Literature -- 4.18 References -- 5 Plants as insect food: not the ideal -- 5.1 Plants are suboptimal food -- 5.1.1 Nitrogen -- 5.1.2 Water -- 5.2 Artificial diets -- 5.3 Consumption and utilization -- 5.3.1 Food quantities eaten -- 5.3.2 Utilization -- 5.3.3 Suboptimal food and compensatory feeding behaviour -- 5.3.4 Allelochemicals and food utilization -- 5.3.5 Detoxification of plant allelochemicals -- 5.4 Symbionts -- 5.4.1 Food utilization and supplementation -- 5.4.2 Detoxification of plant allelochemicals -- 5.5 Host-plant quality affected by microorganisms -- 5.5.1 Plant pathogens -- 5.5.2 Endophytic fungi -- 5.6 Host-plant effects on herbivore susceptibility to pathogens and insecticides -- 5.7 Food-plant quality in relation to environmental factors -- 5.7.1 Drought -- 5.7.2 Air pollution -- 5.8 Conclusions -- 5.9 References -- 6 Host-plant selection: how to find a host plant -- 6.1 Terminology -- 6.2 Host-plant selection: a catenary process -- 6.3 Searching mechanisms -- 6.4 Orientation to host plants -- 6.4.1 Optical versus chemical cues -- 6.4.2 Visual responses to host-plant characteristics -- 6.4.3 Olfactory responses to host plants -- 6.4.4 Flying moths and walking beetles: two cases of olfactory orientation.

6.5 Chemosensory basis of host-plant odour detection -- 6.5.1 Morphology of olfactory sensilla -- 6.5.2 Olfactory transduction -- 6.5.3 Olfactory electrophysiology and sensitivity -- 6.5.4 Olfactory specificity and coding -- 6.6 Host-plant searching in nature -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.8 References -- 7 Host-plant selection: when to accept a plant -- 7.1 The contact phase of host-plant selection: elaborate evaluation of plant traits -- 7.2 Physical plant features acting during contact -- 7.2.1 Trichomes -- 7.2.2 Surface texture -- 7.3 Plant chemistry: contact-chemosensory evaluation -- 7.4 The importance of plant chemistry for host-plant selection: a historical intermezzo -- 7.5 Stimulation of feeding and oviposition -- 7.5.1 Primary plant metabolites -- 7.5.2 Plant secondary metabolites promoting acceptance: token stimuli -- 7.5.3 Generally occurring secondary plant metabolites acting as stimulants -- 7.6 Inhibition of feeding and oviposition -- 7.6.1 Deterrency as a general principle in host-range determination -- 7.6.2 Host-marking as a mechanism to avoid herbivore competition -- 7.7 Plant acceptability: a balance between stimulation and deterrency -- 7.8 Contact-chemosensory basis of host-plant selection behaviour -- 7.8.1 Contact chemoreceptors -- 7.8.2 Gustatory coding -- 7.8.3 Caterpillars as models for coding principles -- 7.8.4 Token stimulus receptors: unsurpassed specialists -- 7.8.5 Sugar and amino acid receptors: detectors of nutrients -- 7.8.6 Deterrent receptors: generalist taste neurons -- 7.8.7 Peripheral interactions -- 7.8.8 Host-plant selection by piercing-sucking insects -- 7.8.9 Oviposition preference -- 7.8.10 Host-plant selection: a three-tier system -- 7.9 Evolution of the chemosensory system and host-plant preferences -- 7.10 Conclusions -- 7.11 References -- 8 Host-plant selection: variation is the rule.

8.1 Geographical variation -- 8.2 Differences between populations in the same region -- 8.3 Differences between individuals -- 8.4 Environmental factors causing changes in host-plant preference -- 8.4.1 Seasonality -- 8.4.2 Temperature -- 8.4.3 Predation risks -- 8.5 Internal factors causing changes in host-plant preference -- 8.5.1 Developmental stage -- 8.5.2 Insect sex affects food choice -- 8.6 Experience-induced changes in host-plant preference -- 8.6.1 Non-associative changes -- 8.6.2 Associative changes -- 8.7 Pre- and early-adult experience -- 8.8 Adaptive significance of experience-induced changes in host preference -- 8.9 Conclusions -- 8.10 References -- 9 The endocrine system of herbivores listens to host-plant signals -- 9.1 Development -- 9.1.1 Morphism -- 9.1.2 Diapause -- 9.2 Reproduction -- 9.2.1 Maturation -- 9.2.2 Mating behaviour -- 9.3 Conclusions -- 9.4 References -- 10 Ecology: living apart together -- 10.1 Effects of plants on insects -- 10.1.1 Plant phenology -- 10.1.2 Plant chemistry -- 10.1.3 Plant morphology -- 10.1.4 Alternative food -- 10.2 Effects of herbivores on plants -- 10.3 Above-ground and below-ground insect-plant interactions -- 10.4 Microorganisms and insect-plant interactions -- 10.5 Vertebrates and insect-plant interactions -- 10.6 Indirect species interactions in communities -- 10.6.1 Exploitative competition -- 10.6.2 Apparent competition -- 10.6.3 Trophic cascades -- 10.7 Species interactions and phenotypic plasticity -- 10.8 Top-down versus bottom-up forces -- 10.9 Food webs and infochemical webs -- 10.9.1 Food webs -- 10.9.2 Infochemical webs -- 10.10 Communities -- 10.10.1 Why are so many herbivorous insect species 'rare'? -- 10.10.2 Colonization -- 10.10.3 Community development -- 10.11 Molecular ecology -- 10.12 Conclusions -- 10.13 References -- 11 Evolution: insects and plants forever in combat.

11.1 Fossilized records of insect-plant interactions -- 11.2 Speciation -- 11.2.1 Reproductive isolation -- 11.2.2 Rates of speciation -- 11.2.3 Reciprocal speciation -- 11.3 Genetic variation in host-plant preference of insects -- 11.3.1 Interspecific differences -- 11.3.2 Intraspecific differences -- 11.3.3 Preference-performance correlation -- 11.3.4 Genetic variation and local host-plant adaptation -- 11.4 Genetic variation in plant resistance against insects -- 11.5 Selection and adaptation -- 11.6 Evolution of insect diversity -- 11.7 Evolution of host-plant specialization -- 11.7.1 Coping with plant secondary metabolites -- 11.7.2 Competition -- 11.7.3 Reduced mortality from natural enemies -- 11.7.4 Phylogenetic relationships -- 11.8 Reciprocal evolution of herbivorous insects and their host plants -- 11.8.1 Criticism of the theory of co-evolution -- 11.8.2 Support for the theory of co-evolution -- 11.9 Conclusions -- 11.10 References -- 12 Insects and flowers: mutualism par excellence -- 12.1 Mutualism -- 12.2 Flower constancy -- 12.2.1 Flower recognition -- 12.2.2 Flower handling -- 12.3 Pollination energetics -- 12.3.1 Distance -- 12.3.2 Accessibility -- 12.3.3 Temperature -- 12.3.4 Food-source evaluation -- 12.3.5 Reward strategy -- 12.3.6 Signalling nectar status -- 12.4 Pollinator movement within multiple-flower inflorescences -- 12.5 Competition -- 12.6 Evolution -- 12.7 Nature conservation -- 12.8 Economy -- 12.9 Conclusions -- 12.10 References -- 13 Insects and plants: how to apply our knowledge -- 13.1 Which herbivorous insect species become pests and why? -- 13.1.1 Characteristics of herbivorous pest species -- 13.1.2 Consequences of crop-plant introductions -- 13.1.3 Agricultural practices promote the occurrence of pest problems -- 13.2 Host-plant resistance -- 13.2.1 Host-plant resistance mechanisms -- 13.2.2 Partial resistance.

13.2.3 Plant characteristics associated with resistance.