Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Biological control of weeds in the tropics and sustainability -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Management strategies -- 1.3 Biological control -- 1.4 Technology transfer -- 1.5 Economics of biological control of weeds -- 1.6 Conflict of interest resolution -- 1.7 Sustainability -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Detrimental effects -- 2.3 Beneficial effects -- 2.4 Why biological control? -- 2.5 Native-range studies -- 2.6 Biological control agents -- 2.6.1 Bruchidius sahlbergi Schilsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) -- 2.6.2 Cuphodes profluens (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) -- 2.6.3 Homichloda barkeri (Jacoby) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) -- 2.6.4 Chiasmia inconspicua (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) -- 2.6.5 Chiasmia assimilis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) -- 2.6.6 Cometaster pyrula (Hopffer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) -- 2.6.7 Acizzia melanocephala (Burckhardt and Mifsud) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) -- 2.6.8 Isturgia deeraria (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) -- 2.6.9 Isturgia disputaria (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) -- 2.7 Impact of biological control -- 2.8 Factors influencing biological control -- 2.8.1 Establishment and abundance -- 2.8.2 Genetic constraints -- 2.8.3 Plant response to herbivory -- 2.8.4 Abiotic factors -- 2.9 Future research -- 2.9.1 Plant genotypes -- 2.9.2 Climatic suitability -- 2.9.3 Plant response to herbivory -- 2.9.4 Field host range -- 2.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Australian Acacia species (Mimosaceae) in South Africa -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biology of the invasive Australian Acacia species -- 3.3 Conflicts of interest: the South African situation -- 3.4 Biological Control.

3.4.1 Acquired natural enemies -- 3.5 Classical biological control -- 3.5.1 The bud-galling wasps, Trichilogaster spp.(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) -- Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae Froggatt -- Trichilogaster signiventris (Girault) -- 3.5.2 The leaf-spotting bug, Rayieria sp.(Hemiptera: Miridae) -- 3.5.3 The seed-feeding weevils, Melanterius species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- 3.5.4 The flower-galling midges, Dasineura species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) -- Dasineura dielsi Rubsaamen on A. cyclops -- Dasineura rubiformis Kolesik on A. mearnsii -- 3.6 The seed-feeding wasps Bruchophagus species Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) -- Bruchophagus orarius Neser and Prinsloo on A. longifolia -- Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) on A. dealbata -- 3.7 Impacts of seed-reducing agents against invasive tree species -- References -- 4 Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biological control initiatives -- 4.2.1 Biology of Procecidochares utilis -- 4.2.2 Gall development -- 4.2.3 Effect of gall induction on the plant -- 4.2.4 Effect of parasitism on P. utilis -- 4.2.5 Other natural enemies recorded on A. adenophora -- Oidaematophorus beneficus Yano and Heppner (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) -- Dihammus argentatus Auriv. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) -- Phaeoramularia sp.(Fungi: Ascomycota) -- 4.2.6 Other candidate agents -- 4.3 Biological control and the status of the weed -- References -- 5 Azolla filiculoides Lamarck (Azollaceae) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Taxonomy -- 5.3 Plant biology -- 5.4 Impact -- 5.5 Utilization -- 5.6 Management -- 5.6.1 Mechanical -- 5.6.2 Chemical -- 5.6.3 Biological -- Phytophagous species associated with Azolla filiculoides -- Stenoplemus Rufinasus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- Pseudolampsis guttata (Hustache) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) -- Implementing biological control.

5.7 Economics of biological control efforts -- 5.8 Sustainability of the Azolla filiculoides control program -- 5.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Cabomba caroliniana Gray (Cabombaceae) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Phylogeny -- 6.3 Origins of Cabomba -- 6.4 Biology and ecology of Cabomba -- 6.4.1 Biology of Cabomba caroliniana in its native range -- 6.4.2 Biology in the introduced range -- 6.4.3 Population dynamics -- 6.4.5 Comparison between native and introduced ranges -- 6.5 The Australian biological control project -- 6.6 Ecology of potential biological control agents -- 6.7 Natural enemies found in the native range -- 6.7.1 Hydrotimetes natans (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- 6.7.2 Paracles sp.(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) -- 6.7.3 Paraponyx diminutalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) -- 6.7.4 Surveys on other cabomba species -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Invasive cactus species (Cactaceae) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The cactus species targeted for biological control -- 7.3 Milestones in the biological control of cactus weeds -- 7.3.1 1796-1850. Projects that started the practice of biological control of invasive alien plants -- 7.3.2 1900-1960: spectacular successes using biological control against cactus weeds -- 7.3.3 More recent biological control programs against cactus weeds -- 7.4 Lessons learned from the biological control of cactus weeds -- 7.4.1 Taxonomy and species biotypes -- 7.4.2 Research and evaluation -- 7.4.3 Conflicts of interest -- 7.4.4 Controversial biological control efforts against cactus weeds -- 7.4.5 Economic assessments of the benefits of biological control against cactus weeds -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Taxonomy -- 8.3 Morphology, biology, and phenology -- 8.4 Distribution.

8.4.1 Chromolaena odorata in the neotropics -- 8.4.2 Chromolaena odorata in the Old World -- 8.4.3 Ecology and impacts -- 8.5 Neotropical arthropods released on C. odorata in its invasive range -- 8.6 Established biological control agents -- 8.6.1 Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) -- 8.6.2 Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) -- 8.6.3 Cecidochares connexa Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) -- 8.6.4 Actinote species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) -- 8.6.5 Calycomyza eupatorivora Spencer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) -- 8.6.6 Acalitus adoratus Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyidae) -- 8.7 Other arthropod agents -- 8.7.1 Apion brunneonigrum Beguin-Billecoq (Curculionidae) -- 8.7.2 Mescinia nr. parvula (Zeller) (Pyralidae) (= Phestinia costella Hampson) -- 8.7.3 Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Butler) (Arctiidae) -- 8.8 Ecological interactions between the plant and arthropods -- 8.9 Economics of biological control efforts -- 8.10 Measures of efficiency of biological control -- 8.10.1 Biological control of C. odorata in PNG -- 8.10.2 Biological control of C. odorata in South Africa -- 8.11 Issues of sustainability of the identified biological control efforts -- 8.12 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don (Melastomataceae) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Economic importance -- 9.3 Clidemia hirta as a natural area pest -- 9.4 Control methods -- 9.4.1 Chemical/mechanical control -- 9.4.2 Biological control -- Liothrips urichi Karny (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) -- Carposina bullata Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) -- Mompha trithalama Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Momphidae) -- Antiblemma acclinalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) -- Ategumia matutinalis (Blepharomastix ebulealis) (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) -- Lius poseidon Napp.(Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

Collectorichum gloeosporioides f. sp.clidemiae Trujillo -- 9.5 Biotic interference -- 9.6 Current status of C. hirta -- 9.7 Efficacy of natural enemies -- 9.8 Environmental and economic sustainability -- References -- 10 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Control methods -- 10.3 Biological control -- 10.3.1 Melittia oedipus Oberthur (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) -- Host-specificity studies -- 10.3.2 Acythopeus cocciniae O'Brien and Pakaluk (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- Host-specificity studies -- 10.3.3 Acythopeus burkhartorum O'Brien and Pakaluk (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- Host-Specificity studies -- 10.4 Effect of natural enemies in Hawaii, Guam and Saipan on survival of introduced biocontrol agents -- 10.5 Efficacy of the agents -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. (Pontederiaceae) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Taxonomy -- 11.3 Description -- 11.4 Biology and ecology -- 11.5 Distribution -- 11.6 Impact -- 11.7 Utilization -- 11.8 Control -- 11.8.1 Biological control agents - arthropods -- Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) -- Niphograpta albiguttalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) -- Orthogalumna terebrantis (Acarina: Galumnidae) -- Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) -- Xubida infusella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) -- 11.8.2 Biological control agents - pathogens -- 11.8.3 New agents -- 11.9 Limitations to successful biocontrol of E. crassipes -- 11.10 Cost-benefit analysis -- 11.11 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Taxonomy -- 12.3 Distribution of Lantana camara -- 12.4 Habitats -- 12.5 Ecology -- 12.6 Impact of lantana -- 12.7 Uses of lantana -- 12.8 Biological control of lantana -- 12.8.1 Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae).

12.8.2 Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt) (Diptera: Agromyzidae).