COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CASES -- A. International Courts and Tribunals -- 1. International Court of Justice -- 2. International Criminal Court -- 3. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) -- 4. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- 5. International Military Tribunals -- 6. European Court of Human Rights -- 7. Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- 8. Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission -- 9. Other Arbitral Awards -- B. National Courts and Tribunals -- 1. Subsequent Proceedings at Nuremberg (US Military Tribunals) -- 2. Austria -- 3. France -- 4. Germany -- 5. Israel -- 6. Italy -- 7. Netherlands -- 8. Norway -- 9. Singapore -- 10. United Kingdom -- 11. West Bank -- TABLE OF TREATIES -- TABLE OF UN RESOLUTIONS -- A. Security Council -- B. General Assembly -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 The general framework -- I. Belligerent occupation as a natural phenomenon in war -- II. Belligerent occupation and the legality of war -- III. The strata of the international law of belligerent occupation -- A. Customary international law -- B. The Hague Regulations -- C. Geneva Convention (IV) -- D. Additional Protocol I -- IV. A brief historical outline -- A. The past -- B. The last decades -- V. The case of Israel -- A. The Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip -- B. The West Bank -- C. The 'Oslo Process' Accords -- D. East Jerusalem -- E. The Golan Heights -- F. The general applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- G. Judicial review by the Supreme Court sitting as a High Court of Justice -- H. The domestic applicability of Geneva Convention (IV) -- 2 The legal nature and basic principles of belligerent occupation -- I. Conditions for the establishment of a belligerent occupation regime -- A. Belligerent occupation and inter-State armed conflicts.

(a) The linkage of belligerent occupation to war -- (b) Occupation following unconditional surrender -- (c) Non-international armed conflicts -- B. The non-consensual nature of belligerent occupation -- (a) Coercion as the key to belligerent occupation -- (b) Occupation based on agreement following war -- (c) Consensual occupation of Allied territory during war -- (d) Occupation by UN forces -- C. The distinction between belligerent occupation and invasion -- D. The indispensability of effective control -- E. Some ancillary comments -- (a) Jurisdictional rights -- (b) Outlying land areas -- (c) Maritime areas and air space -- (d) Proclamation -- (e) Several Occupying Powers -- II. Sovereignty and belligerent occupation -- A. Sovereignty and non-annexation -- B. Transfer of title over an occupied territory -- C. Nationality and allegiance -- III. Themilitary nature of the government in an occupied territory -- A. The administration of an occupied territory -- B. The overall responsibility of the Occupying Power -- C. Self-government -- D. The employment of local officials -- IV. Protected persons in occupied territories -- A. The scope of protection -- B. The treatment of saboteurs -- V. Protecting Powers -- A. The theory -- B. The practice -- 3 Human rights and belligerent occupation -- I. The international law of human rights -- II. The application of human rights law in occupied territories -- III. Derogations fromobligations to respect human rights -- A. Derogations and war -- B. Procedural and substantive requirements -- IV. Non-derogable human rights -- V. Built-in limitations of human rights -- A. Explicit limitations -- B. Implicit limitations -- VI. Balance between competing human rights -- VII. The interaction between the law of belligerent occupation and the law of human rights -- A. Convergence and divergence.

B. The advantages of the law of belligerent occupation -- C. The advantages of human rights law -- D. The lex specialis rule -- 4 The maintenance of law and order in occupied territories -- I. Hague Regulation 43 -- II. The structure and scope of Regulation 43 -- III. Restoring and ensuring public order and life under Regulation 43 -- IV. Individual resistance to occupation -- A. Saboteurs and prisoners of war -- B. Levee en masse -- V. Riot control -- VI. Hostilities in occupied territories -- A. The duality of hostilities and occupation -- B. Direct participation in hostilities -- C. 'Human shields' -- 5 Legislation by the Occupying Power -- I. Themeaning of the phrase 'les lois en vigueur' -- II. Themeaning of the phrase 'empêchement absolu' -- III. Article 64 of Geneva Convention (IV) -- IV. The specific categories of necessity -- A. Security legislation -- B. Repeal of legislation inconsistent with Geneva Convention (IV) -- C. Legislation geared to the needs of the civilian population -- D. Other legislation -- V. Prolonged occupation -- V. Prolonged occupation -- VI. The litmus test -- VII. Institutional changes -- VIII. Taxation -- IX. Limitations of the legislative power -- X. Settlers -- 6 The judicial system in occupied territories -- I. The double-tiered system of courts -- A. Local courts -- B. Military courts -- C. Concurrent jurisdiction -- II. The right to a fair trial -- III. Capital punishment -- 7 Protection of the civilian population under belligerent occupation -- I. Freedom from genocide and the right to life -- A. The prohibition of genocide -- B. The individual right to life -- II. Ensuring the survival of the civilian population -- III. Respect for the rights of protected persons -- IV. The prohibition of hostage-taking -- V. Collective penalties and reprisals -- A. Collective penalties.

B. Demolition or sealing off of houses -- C. Reprisals -- VI. Deportations and transfer -- A. Voluntary departure, deportation and relocation -- B. The Israeli practice -- C. Individual versus mass deportations -- D. 'Exclusion' versus deportation -- E. The State of nationality versus other countries -- F. Occupying versus occupied territory -- VII. Evacuation -- VIII. Internment (administrative detention) -- IX. Assigned residence -- X. Compulsory work -- 8 Special protection in occupied territories -- I. Refugees -- II. Women and children -- A. Women -- B. Children -- III. Medical services -- IV. Civil defence -- V. Humanitarian relief -- A. Relief consignments -- B. Relief personnel -- 9 Destruction and pillage of property in occupied territories -- I. Destruction of property -- A. The general prohibition -- B. Special protection -- C. Demolition of a house as a sanction -- II. Pillage -- 10 Seizure and use of property in occupied territories -- I. General observations -- A. The prohibition of spoliation -- B. The distinction between public and private property -- C. The temporal problem -- II. Public property -- A. Immovable property -- B. Movable property -- C. Extraordinary property -- (a) Property of municipalities -- (b) Cultural property -- (c) Medical property -- (d) Civil defence matériel -- (e) Submarine cables -- III. Private property -- A. Immovable property -- B. Movable property -- (a) Ordinary property -- (b) Munitions de guerre and related items -- IV. The right of angary -- 11 Other major issues relating to belligerent occupation -- I. Settlements -- A. Geneva Convention (IV) -- B. The Israeli settlements -- C. The Judgments of the Supreme Court of Israel -- II. The security barrier -- A. The setting -- B. The Beit Sourik case -- C. The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice -- D. The Alfei Menashe case.

III. Reunion of families -- IV. Political activities and elections -- V. Freedom of the press -- VI. Freedom of religion -- VII. Human dignity -- 12 The termination of belligerent occupation -- I. The complete end of belligerent occupation -- A. Treaty of peace -- B. Prescription -- C. Withdrawal from an occupied territory -- D. Binding decision by the UN Security Council -- II. Partial end of belligerent occupation -- A. Agreement between the parties -- B. The tide of hostilities -- C. Unilateral decision of the Occupying Power -- III. Post-hostilities belligerent occupation -- IV. The consequences of the termination of occupation -- CONCLUSION -- INDEX OF PERSONS -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS.