Contents -- List of figures, tables and boxes -- About the contributors -- The NTFP certification project team -- The People and Plants initiative -- People and Plants partners -- Acknowledgements -- Section 1: Overview -- Introduction -- NTFPs and certification -- The NTFP marketing and management project -- Structure of the book -- Chapter 1: The rise of certification, the current state of the playing field for NTFP certification programmes and future prospects -- Certification in context -- Overview of NTFP certification programmes -- Lessons learned in marketing certified timber products -- Future scenarios for NTFP certification -- Chapter 2: The process of drafting and revising guidelines for NTFP certification -- Introduction -- Initial revision of guidelines -- Field revision of guidelines -- Outlook -- Note -- Chapter 3: Summaries of the field-testing results in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil -- Introduction -- Summary of the Mexican NTFP field test (chicle) -- Reasons for pursuing chicle certification -- Lessons learned from the field test -- Summary of the Bolivian NTFP field test (Brazil nuts) -- Reasons for pursuing certification -- Lessons learned from the Bolivian field test -- Summary of the Brazilian field test: industrial operation (palm heart) -- Reasons for pursuing certification -- Lessons learned -- Summary of the Brazilian field test: community operation (palm heart) -- Reasons for pursuing certification -- Lessons learned -- Section 2: NTFP species profiles from around the world -- Introduction -- NTFPs and certification -- Chapter 4: Chicle (Manilkara zapota) -- Botany and ecology of chicle -- Economic background of the chicle extraction industry -- The effect of land-use change on the chicle population -- The chicle resource -- Managing the chicle resource -- Chicle certification.

Chapter 5: Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) -- Brazil nut forests in a nutshell: an overview -- Brazil nut tree ecology -- Land-use impacts -- Brazil nut management and best practices -- Certification potential -- Chapter 6: Palm heart (Euterpe spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Impact of land-use changes -- Management -- Uses -- Certification potential -- Chapter 7: Pau d'arco (Tabebuia spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Use -- Impact of land-use change and management -- Certification potential -- Chapter 8: Cat's claw (Uncaria guianensis and U. tomentosa) -- Introduction -- Biology and distribution -- Ecology -- Impact of land-use change, trade and legislative initiatives -- Management -- Use -- Certification potential -- Notes -- Chapter 9: Breu resin (Protium spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Resin formation -- Management -- Uses -- Certification potential -- Chapter 10: Titica vine (Heteropsis spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Management -- Use -- Certification potential -- Chapter 11: Amapá (Parahancornia spp. and Brosimum spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Use -- Management -- Outlook -- Chapter 12: Copaíba (Copaifera spp.) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Formation and chemistry of the oleoresin -- Impact of land-use change -- Management -- Use -- Certification potential -- Chapter 13: Sangre de drago (Croton lechleri, Euphorbiaceae) -- Introduction -- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, ShamanBotanicals.com and Croton -- Biology -- Ecology -- Impact of land-use change, harvest pressure and demand -- Management -- Use -- Certification potential -- Notes -- Chapter 14: Fiddlehead ferns (Matteucia struthiopteris) -- Introduction -- Biology and ecology -- Commercialization, markets and use -- Harvest and management -- Impact of land-use change -- Certification potential -- Chapter 15: Maple syrup (Acer saccharum) -- Introduction -- Biology and ecology.

Syrup production -- Maple management -- Land-use change and other threats -- Syrup markets and economics -- Certification potential -- Chapter 16: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) -- Introduction -- Biology and ecology -- Production and management -- Land-use changes -- Markets and economic competition -- Certification potential -- Chapter 17: Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus), cork oak (Quercus suber), argan (Argania spinosa), pine nut (Pinus pinea), pine resin (various spp.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) -- The Mediterranean eco-region -- Mediterranean traditional woodland management systems -- Mastic gum production from maquis woodlands -- Cork production from silvo-pastoral woodlands -- The argan silvo-pastoral woodlands of Morocco -- Pine-nut production in lowland pine forests -- Pine-resin production -- Chestnut production in mountain woodlands -- Overview of Mediterranean forest conservation issues -- Socio-economic benefits from NTFP commercialization in the Mediterranean -- NTFP certification issues in the Mediterranean -- Chapter 18: Griffonia (Griffonia simplicifolia) -- Introduction -- The species -- Active constituents -- Exploding international markets -- Supply -- Processing and products -- Media interest feeds demand -- Concerns raised and media backlash -- Lessons learned with relevance to marketing of NTFPs and certification -- Chapter 19: Baobab bark (Adansonia digitata) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Use -- Impact of bark harvesting and other stresses -- Management -- Certification potential -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 20: Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) -- Introduction -- Autoecology -- Reproductive ecology -- Sustainability -- Sustainable management -- In-situ management -- International markets -- Yohimbe products -- Certification potential -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- Chapter 21: Rattan (various spp.) -- Introduction.

What are rattans? -- Rattan taxonomy and distribution -- The uses of rattan -- A word about local classification -- The commercial rattan trade -- Rattan ecology and natural history -- Forest type and light requirements -- Harvest and management -- Certification potential -- Note -- Chapter 22: Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) -- Introduction -- Ecology -- Impact of land-use change -- Management -- Use and markets -- Extraction -- Certification potential -- Chapter 23: Sumatra benzoin (Styrax spp.) -- Introduction -- The species -- Botanical description -- Ecology -- Impact of land-use changes -- Management -- Use -- Processing and marketing -- Certification potential -- Notes -- Chapter 24: Sustainable harvesting of epiphytic bromeliads in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico: a pilot study -- Chapter 25: Reducing the ecological footprint of the 'wooden rhino': the case for certification of Kenyan woodcarvings -- The success of the Kenyan woodcarving industry and the realization of the size of the footprint -- Initiatives to reduce the size of the footprint -- The certification approach: piloting FSC certification for woodcarvings -- Additional information -- Note -- Section 3: The core elements of NTFP certification -- Chapter 26: Ecological issues -- Introduction -- Ecological knowledge -- Setting harvest levels, modelling and the importance of technological transfer -- Harvest impact -- Ecological importance of trained harvesters -- Fitting traditional ecological knowledge and practices with certification -- External support to meet ecological requirements of certification agencies -- Setting ecological indicators for assessment -- Ecological aspects of the three field assessments -- Other ecological observations -- Conclusions -- Chapter 27: Social issues -- Introduction -- Background -- Applying the market metaphor to NTFPs -- Social issues.

Observations of social issues from the field trials -- Additional social issues -- Conclusions -- Chapter 28: Subsistence issues -- Introduction -- Space outside the market: implications of NTFP certification for subsistence use (US) -- Introduction -- Subsistence and the market -- Gatherers and subsistence in the US Upper Great Lakes -- Market logic, certification programmes and NTFP subsistence uses -- Certification and subsistence use: conclusion -- Notes -- The interface of timber and non-timber resources: declining resources for subsistence livelihoods (Brazil) -- Introduction -- Research site and methods -- Regionally important NTFPs -- Direct impact of logging on NTFPs -- Indirect impact of logging on NTFPs -- Timber certification: its potential impact on regionally and locally important NTFPs -- Recognizing regionally and locally valued NTFPs -- Notes -- Chapter 29: Marketing issues -- Introduction -- Incorporating NTFPs into market-based conservation strategies -- Marketing issues to consider before undertaking certification of NTFPs -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Chapter 30: Technical issues -- Introduction -- Differences between timber assessments and NTFP assessments -- Management planning -- Integration of timber and non-timber resources -- Harvesting -- Security -- Monitoring -- Chain of custody -- Research, knowledge and access to technical assistance -- Government permitting, forest policies and regulations -- Scale and demand for certified products -- Combining different systems for NTFP certification -- Conclusions -- Section 4: Conclusions and recommendations -- Chapter 31: Conclusions and recommendations -- NTFP certification: opportunities and challenges -- Some lessons learned -- Opportunities in NTFP certification -- Challenges of NTFP certification -- Recommendations -- Recommendations for NGOs.

Recommendations for research institutions and forest managers.