Contents -- 1 Questions, terminology, and underlying principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Essential terminology: parasite, disease, and disease risk -- 1.2.1 What is a parasite? -- 1.2.2 Parasite and disease -- 1.2.3 What is disease risk and how is it measured? -- 1.3 Ecological drivers of primate sociality -- 1.3.1 Between-group resource competition -- 1.3.2 Predation and within-group competition -- 1.3.3 Inter-sexual conflict -- 1.3.4 Infectious disease -- 1.4 Fitness consequences of parasites in wild primate populations -- 1.5 Organizational layout of this book -- 2 Diversity and characteristics of primate parasites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Taxonomic diversity of parasites from wild primates -- 2.2.1 Viruses -- 2.2.2 Bacteria -- 2.2.3 Fungi -- 2.2.4 Protozoa -- 2.2.5 Helminths -- 2.2.6 Arthropods -- 2.3 Strategies for parasite transmission -- 2.4 Host specificity and "multi-host" parasites -- 2.5 Virulence: negative effects of parasites on their hosts -- 2.6 Parasite transmission and manipulation of host behavior -- 2.6.1 Causes and consequences of altered behavior -- 2.6.2 Manipulation of primate hosts -- 2.7 Summary and synthesis -- 3 Primate socioecology and disease risk: predictions and rationale -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background concepts -- 3.2.1 Encounter and infection probability -- 3.2.2 Formulating hypotheses at individual and comparative levels -- 3.3 Host traits and disease risk -- 3.3.1 Body mass, life history, and individual age -- 3.3.2 Host population size and density -- 3.3.3 Social organization, group size, and dominance rank -- 3.3.4 Reproduction, mating behavior, and sex differences -- 3.3.5 Ranging behavior, substrate use, and diet -- 3.3.6 Environmental factors and seasonality -- 3.4 Summary and synthesis -- 4 Host-parasite dynamics and epidemiological principles -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.1.1 An historical perspective -- 4.1.2 Basic terminology and measures of infection -- 4.2 Analytical models of disease spread -- 4.2.1 Microparasites and compartment models -- 4.2.2 Macroparasite models -- 4.3 The role of parasites in regulating host populations -- 4.3.1 Theoretical predictions -- 4.3.2 Regulation in experimental and natural populations -- 4.4 Heterogeneities and dynamical complexities -- 4.4.1 Spatial heterogeneity: landscape features and metapopulation dynamics -- 4.4.2 Host social system -- 4.4.3 Multi-host dynamics -- 4.5 Summary and synthesis -- 5 Host defenses: the immune system and behavioral counterstrategies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Responding to infections: strategies for parasite removal -- 5.2.1 Immune defenses -- 5.2.2 Physiological responses and sickness behaviors -- 5.2.3 Grooming as a means of parasite removal -- 5.2.4 Medicinal plant use -- 5.3 Preventing infections: strategies for parasite avoidance -- 5.3.1 Habitat use and ranging behavior -- 5.3.2 Diet -- 5.3.3 Avoidance of arthropod vectors and parasites -- 5.3.4 Parental care -- 5.3.5 Avoiding infected conspecifics -- 5.4 Parasite pressure, mate choice, and sexual selection -- 5.4.1 Direct benefits: selection of uninfected caregivers -- 5.4.2 Avoidance of directly transmitted parasites -- 5.4.3 Indirect benefits of mate choice -- 5.4.4 Parasite status, resistance, and signals for choosing mates -- 5.5 Summary and synthesis -- 6 Infectious disease and primate social systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Variation in primate social systems -- 6.2.1 Chains of transmission within and among primate groups -- 6.3 Disease risk and primate social systems -- 6.3.1 Group size and contagious infections -- 6.3.2 Group size, flying insects, and vector-borne infections -- 6.3.3 Group composition -- 6.3.4 Group spread and contact within groups -- 6.3.5 Dispersal among groups.

6.3.6 Territoriality and range overlap -- 6.4 Mating systems, sexual behavior, and STDs -- 6.4.1 Mating promiscuity -- 6.4.2 Effect of reproductive skew -- 6.4.3 Testing effects of STD risk on primate mating systems -- 6.5 Impacts of host behavior on pathogen evolution -- 6.5.1 Evolution of virulence -- 6.5.2 Evolution of transmission strategies -- 6.5.3 Coevolution -- 6.6 Methodological approaches to study effects of parasites on host social systems -- 6.6.1 Fields studies -- 6.6.2 Directional tests using comparative methods -- 6.6.3 Incorporating parasites in comparative studies of sociality -- 6.6.4 Modelling approaches -- 6.7 Summary and synthesis -- 7 Parasites and primate conservation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Parasites as a cause of wildlife declines -- 7.2.1 Emerging infectious diseases in primates and other wildlife -- 7.3 Disease risk and anthropogenic change -- 7.3.1 Habitat destruction and degradation -- 7.3.2 Reductions in host population size -- 7.3.3 Human impacts on parasite biology -- 7.4 Conservation efforts in response to infectious disease risk -- 7.4.1 Monitoring parasites in wild populations -- 7.4.2 Reserve design and management -- 7.4.3 Captive breeding and semi-free-ranging populations -- 7.4.4 Ecotourism and scientific field research -- 7.4.5 Direct intervention to reduce the impact of disease -- 7.5 Evolutionary considerations and host-parasite biodiversity -- 7.6 Summary and synthesis -- 8 From nonhuman primates to human health and evolution -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Origins and early history of infectious disease in humans -- 8.2.1 Infectious agents in early human societies -- 8.2.2 Epidemiological transitions and the rise of human pathogens -- 8.3 Human responses to infectious diseases: from Darwinian medicine to public health -- 8.3.1 Behavioral responses to infectious diseases.

8.3.2 Evolution of immune defenses and resistance traits -- 8.4 Global patterns of disease risk among contemporary human societies -- 8.5 Wild primates and emerging diseases in humans -- 8.6 Summary and synthesis -- 9 Concluding remarks and future directions -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 What is the diversity of parasites in wild primates? -- 9.3 Population biology and impacts of parasites in wild primates -- 9.4 Immune and behavioral defenses: tradeoffs against different infectious agents -- 9.5 What are the links between primate sociality and parasitism? -- 9.6 Are parasites a significant threat to primate conservation efforts? -- 9.7 From primates to understanding human-pathogen interaction -- 9.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.