Contents -- List of Plates -- List of Figures -- Abbreviations of Library and Archive Locations -- Other Abbreviations -- PART I: INTRODUCTORY -- 1. Early Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Modern Age -- 1. Ancien Régime and Revolution -- 2. Historians and the Writing of 'Intellectual History' -- 3. L'Esprit philosophique -- 2. Philosophy and the Making of Modernity -- 1. Spinoza and Spinozism in the Radical Enlightenment -- 2. Locke,Hume, and the Making of Modernity -- PART II: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY -- 3. Faith and Reason: Bayle versus the Rationaux -- 1. Europe's Religious Crisis -- 2. Consensus gentium and the Philosophes -- 3. Voltaire and the Eclipse of Bayle -- 4. Demolishing Priesthood, Ancient and Modern -- 5. Socinianism and the Social, Psychological, and Cultural Roots of Enlightenment -- 6. Locke, Bayle, and Spinoza: A Contest of Three Toleration Doctrines -- 1. Toleration from Locke to Barbeyrac -- 2. Bayle's Freedom of Conscience -- 3. Spinoza's Liberty of Thought and Expression -- 7. Germany and the Baltic: Enlightenment, Society, and the Universities -- 1. The Problem of 'Atheism' -- 2. Academic Disputations and the Making of German Radical Thought -- 3. An Alternative Route? Johann Lorenz Schmidt and 'Left' Wolffian Radicalism -- 4. Natural Theology, Natural Law, and the Radical Challenge -- 8. Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism in the Early Enlightenment: Science, Philosophy, and Religion -- 1. English Physico-theology -- 2. From's-Gravesande to d' Alembert (1720-1750) -- PART III: POLITICAL EMANCIPATION -- 9. Anti-Hobbesianism and the Making of 'Modernity' -- 10. The Origins of Modern Democratic Republicanism -- 1. Classical Republicanism versus Democratic Republicanism -- 2. Democracy in Radical Thought -- 11. Bayle, Boulainvilliers, Montesquieu: Secular Monarchy versus the Aristocratic Republic.

1. Bayle's Politics -- 2. Early Enlightenment French Political Thought -- 3. The Ideal of Mixed Monarchy -- 12. 'Enlightened Despotism': Autocracy, Faith, and Enlightenment in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (1689-1755) -- 1. Peter the Great's 'Revolution' (1689-1725) -- 2. Europe and the Russian Enlightenment (1725-1755) -- 3. Locke, Newton, and Leibniz in the Greek Cultural Diaspora -- 13. Popular Sovereignty, Resistance, and the 'Right to Revolution' -- 14. Anglomania, Anglicisme, and the 'British Model' -- 1. English Deism and the Recoil from Radicalism -- 2. French Anglicisme -- 3. Anglicisme and Anti-anglicisme in the Mid Eighteenth Century -- 15. The Triumph of the 'Moderate Enlightenment' in the United Provinces -- 1. The Defeat of Dutch Radical Thought: The Social Context -- 2. Intellectual Realignment within the Huguenot Diaspora -- 3. The Orangist Restoration (1747-1751) -- PART IV: INTELLECTUAL EMANCIPATION -- 16. The Overthrow of Humanist Criticism -- 1. Ars critica -- 2. Secularization of the Sacred -- 3. Man and Myth -- 17. The Recovery of Greek Thought -- 1. 'Rationalizing the Gods': Disputing Xenophanes -- 2. Strato, Spinoza, and the Philosophes -- 3. Spinozism: A Reworking of Greek Stoicism? -- 18. The Rise of 'History of Philosophy' -- 1. Pre-Enlightenment 'History of Philosophy' -- 2. German Eclecticism and the Rise of a New Discipline -- 3. 'Radical Renaissance' -- 19. From 'History of Philosophy' to History of l'Esprit humain -- 1. Fontenelle, Boulainvilliers, and 'l' histoire de l'esprit humain' -- 2. Diderot and the History of Human Thought -- 20. Italy, the Two Enlightenments, and Vico's 'New Science' -- 1. Italy Embraces the Mainstream Enlightenment -- 2. Vico's 'Divine Providence' -- 3. A Restored Italo-Greek Wisdom? -- PART V: THE PARTY OF HUMANITY -- 21. The Problem of Equality -- 1. Enlightenment and Basic Equality.

2. Aristocracy, Radical Thought, and Educational Reform -- 22. Sex, Marriage, and the Equality of Women -- 1. Cartesianism and Female Equality -- 2. Marriage, Chastity, and Prostitution -- 3. The Erotic Emancipation of Woman, and Man -- 23. Race, Radical Thought, and the Advent of Anti-colonialism -- 1. Enlightenment against Empire -- 2. Slavery and the Early Enlightenment -- 3. Empire and National Identity -- 24. Rethinking Islam: Philosophy and the 'Other' -- 1. Islam and Toleration -- 2. Bayle and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) -- 3. Ibn Tufayl and the Hidden Wisdom of the East -- 4. The Clandestine 'Enlightenment' of the Zindikites -- 25. Spinoza, Confucius, and Classical Chinese Philosophy -- 1. China and Spinozismus ante Spinozam -- 2. Leibniz, Wolff, and Chinese prisca theologia -- 3. Voltaire, Montesquieu, and China -- 26. Is Religion Needed for a Well-Ordered Society? -- 1. Separating Morality from Theology -- 2. 'Moderate' Enlightenment Deist Morality -- 3. Radical Thought and the Construction of a Secular Morality -- PART VI: RADICAL PHILOSOPHES -- 27. The French Enlightenment Prior to Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques (1734) -- 1. The Post-1715 Reaction to Absolutism -- 2. The Materialist Challenge -- 3. Clandestinity -- 28. Men, Animals, Plants, and Fossils: French Hylozoic Matérialisme before Diderot -- 29. Realigning the Parti philosophique: Voltaire,Voltairianisme, Antivoltairianisme (1732-1745) -- 1. Voltaire's Enlightenment -- 2. The Defeat of Voltaire and the French 'Newtonians' -- 3. Breakdown of the Lockean-Newtonian Synthesis -- 30. From Voltaire to Diderot -- 31. The 'Unvirtuous Atheist' -- 1. The 'Affaire La Mettrie' (1745-1752) -- 2. Atheistic Amoralism -- 32. The Parti philosophique Embraces the Radical Enlightenment -- 1. Radicalization of the Diderot Circle -- 2. The 'Quarrel' of the Esprit des lois (1748-1752).

33. The 'War of the Encyclopédie': The First Stage (1746-1752) -- 34. Postscript -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.