Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgments -- General Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Modal Logic -- 2.1 Why modality is important to logic and to semantics -- 2.2 Some basic ideas from modal logic -- 2.2.1 Frames and models -- 2.2.2 Validity -- 2.2.3 Possible worlds -- 2.2.4 Axiomatic systems -- 2.3 A linguistically realistic version of modal logic -- 2.3.1 The Simple Modal Logic Hypothesis -- 2.3.2 Necessity and possibility -- 2.3.3 Accessibility relations -- 2.3.4 Problems with the Simple Modal Logic Hypothesis -- 2.3.5 The indexicality of modals -- 2.3.6 Summary -- 2.4 Looking ahead -- 3 Major Linguistic Theories of Modality -- 3.1 The work of Angelika Kratzer -- 3.1.1 From modal logic to relative modality -- 3.1.2 Kratzer (1977) -- 3.1.3 Ordering semantics -- 3.2 Modality in dynamic logic -- 3.2.1 The dynamic view of meaning -- 3.2.2 Proto-dynamic logic -- 3.2.3 Dynamic modal operators -- 3.2.4 Expectation patterns -- 3.2.5 Evaluation of dynamic semantics for modality -- 3.3 Modality in cognitive and functional linguistics -- 3.3.1 Modality as representing force dynamics -- 3.3.2 The cognitive-functional response to formal semantic analyses of modality -- 3.3.3 Subjectivity and intersubjectivity -- 3.3.4 Evaluation of ideas about modality in cognitive and functional linguistics -- 3.4 Looking ahead -- 4 Sentential Modality -- 4.1 Semantic categories of sentential modality -- 4.1.1 Epistemic, priority, and dynamic modals -- 4.1.2 Other classifications -- 4.1.3 Modal force -- 4.1.4 Syntactic representation -- 4.2 Issues in the semantics of epistemic modality -- 4.2.1 The non-truth conditional analysis -- 4.2.2 Evidentiality -- 4.2.3 Performativity -- 4.2.4 Relativism -- 4.3 Issues in the semantics of priority modality -- 4.3.1 Sub-varieties of priority modality -- 4.3.2 The argument structure of priority modals.

4.3.3 Performativity -- 4.4 Issues in the semantics of dynamic modality -- 4.4.1 Volitional modality -- 4.4.2 Quantificational modality -- 4.5 Looking ahead -- 5 Modality and Other Intensional Categories -- 5.1 Modality and time -- 5.1.1 The temporal orientation of modal sentences -- 5.1.2 The modality of tense -- 5.1.3 The modality of aspect -- 5.2 Conditionals -- 5.2.1 The relation between conditionals and modality -- 5.2.2 Conditionals and truth conditions -- 5.3 Modality, mood, and evidentiality -- 5.3.1 Mood -- 5.3.2 Evidentiality -- 5.4 Looking forward -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V.