Extra High Voltage A.C. Transmission Engineering.
Title:
Extra High Voltage A.C. Transmission Engineering.
Author:
Begamudre, R.D.
ISBN:
9788122424812
Personal Author:
Edition:
3rd ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (535 pages)
Contents:
Cover -- Foreword -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction to EHV AC Transmission -- 1.1 Role of EHV AC Transmission -- 1.2 Brief Description of Energy Sources and Their Development -- 1.3 Description of Subject Matter of this Book -- Chapter 2 Transmission Line Trends and Preliminaries -- 2.1 Standard Transmission Voltages -- 2.2 Average Values of Line Parameters -- 2.3 Power-Handling Capacity and Line Loss -- 2.4 Examples of Giant Power Pools and Number of Lines -- 2.5 Costs of Transmission Lines and Equipment -- 2.6 Mechanical Considerations in Line Performance -- Chapter 3 Calculation of Line and Ground Parameters -- 3.1 Resistance of Conductors -- 3.2 Temperature Rise of Conductors and Current-Carrying Capacity -- 3.3 Properties of Bundled Conductors -- 3.4 Inductance of E.H.V. Line Configurations -- 3.5 Line Capacitance Calculation -- 3.6 Sequence Inductances and Capacitances -- 3.7 Line Parameters for Modes of Propagation -- 3.8 Resistance and Inductance of Ground Return -- Chapter 4 Voltage Gradients of Conductors -- 4.1 Electrostatics -- 4.2 Field of Sphere Gap -- 4.3 Field of Line Charges and Their Properties -- 4.4 Charge-Potential Relations for Multi-Conductor Lines -- 4.5 Surface Voltage Gradient on Conductors -- 4.6 Examples of Conductors and Maximum Gradients On Actual Lines -- 4.7 Gradient Factors and Their Use -- 4.8 Distribution of Voltage Gradient on Sub-Conductors of Bundle -- 4.9 Design of Cylindrical Cages for Corona Experiments -- Appendix : Voltage Gradients on the Conductors in the Presence of Ground Wires on Towers -- Chapter 5 Corona Effects-I : Power loss and Audible Noise -- 5.1 I2R Loss and Corona Loss -- 5.2 Corona-Loss Formulae -- 5.3 Charge-Voltage (q-V ) Diagram and Corona Loss -- 5.4 Attenuation of Travelling Waves Due To Corona Loss.
5.5 Audible Noise: Generation and Characteristics -- 5.6 Limits for Audible Noise -- 5.7 AN Measurement and Meters -- 5.8 Formulae for Audible Noise and Use in Design -- 5.9 Relation Between Single-Phase and 3-Phase AN Levels -- 5.10 Day-Night Equivalent Noise Level -- 5.11 Some Examples of AN Levels from EHV Lines -- Chapter 6 Corona Effects-II : Radio Interference -- 6.1 Corona Pulses: Their Generation and Properties -- 6.2 Properties of Pulse Trains and Filter Response -- 6.3 Limits for Radio Interference Fields -- 6.4 Frequency Spectrum of the RI Field of Line -- 6.5 Lateral Profile of RI and Modes of Propagation -- 6.6 The CIGRE Formula -- 6.7 The RI Excitation Function -- 6.8 Measurement of RI, RIV, and Excitation Function -- 6.9 Measurement of Excitation Function -- 6.10 Design of Filter -- 6.11 Television Interference (TVI) -- Chapter 7 Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields of EHV Lines -- 7.1 Electric Shock and Threshold Currents -- 7.2 Capacitance of Long Object -- 7.3 Calculation of Electrostatic Field of A.C. Lines -- 7.4 Effect of High E.S. Field on Humans, Animals, and Plants -- 7.5 Meters and Measurement of Electrostatic Fields -- 7.6 Electrostatic Induction on Unenergized Circuit of a D/C line -- 7.7 Induced Voltage in Insulated Ground Wires -- 7.8 Magnetic Field Effects -- 7.9 Magnetic Field of 3-Phase Lines -- 7.10 Magnetic Field of a 6-Phase Line -- 7.11 Effect of Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Human Health -- Chapter 8 Theory of Travelling Waves and Standing Waves -- 8.1 Travelling Waves and Standing Waves at Power Frequency -- 8.2 Differential Equations and Solutions for General Case -- 8.3 Standing Waves and Natural Frequencies -- 8.4 Open-Ended Line: Double-Exponential Response -- 8.5 Open-Ended Line: Response to Sinusoidal Excitation -- 8.6 Line Energization With Trapped-Charge Voltage.
8.7 Corona Loss and Effective Shunt Conductance -- 8.8 The Method of Fourier Transforms -- 8.9 Reflection and Refraction of Travelling Waves -- 8.10 Transient Response of Systems with Series and Shunt lumped Parameters and Distributed Lines -- 8.11 Principles of Travelling-Wave Protection of E.H.V. Lines -- Chapter 9 Lightning and Lightning Protection -- 9.1 Lightning Strokes to Lines -- 9.2 Lightning-Stroke Mechanism -- 9.3 General Principles of the Lightning Protection Problem -- 9.4 Tower-Footing Resistance -- 9.5 Insulator Flashover and Withstand Voltages -- 9.6 Probability of Occurrence of Lightning Stroke Currents -- 9.7 Lightning Arresters and Protective Characteristics -- 9.8 Dynamic Voltage Rise and Arrester Rating -- 9.9 Operating Characteristics of Lightning Arresters -- 9.10 Insulation Coordination Based on Lightning -- Chapter 10 Overvoltages in EHV Systems Caused by Switching Operations -- 10.1 Origin of Overvoltages and their Types -- 10.2 Short-Circuit Current and the Circuit Breaker -- 10.3 Recovery Voltage and the Circuit Breaker -- 10.4 Overvoltages Caused by Interruption of Low Inductive Current -- 10.5 Interruption of Capacitive Currents -- 10.6 Ferro-Resonance Overvoltages -- 10.7 Calculation of Switching Surges-Single Phase Equivalents -- 10.8 Distributed-Parameter Line Energized by Source -- 10.9 Generalized Equations for Single-Phase Representation -- 10.10 Generalized Equations for Three-Phase Systems -- 10.11 Inverse Fourier Transform for the General Case -- 10.12 Reduction of Switching Surges on EHV Systems -- 10.13 Experimental and Calculated Results of Switching-Surge Studies -- Chapter 11 Insulation Characteristics of Long Air Gaps -- 11.1 Types of Electrode Geometries Used in EHV Systems -- 11.2 Breakdown Characteristics of Long Air Gaps -- 11.3 Breakdown Mechanisms of Short and Long Air Gaps.
11.4 Breakdown Models of Long Gaps With Non-Uniform Fields -- 11.5 Positive Switching-Surge Flashover-Saturationproblem -- 11.6 CFO and Withstand Voltages of Long Air Gaps-Statistical Procedure -- 11.7 CFO Voltage of Long Air Gaps-Paris's Theory -- Chapter 12 Power-Frequency Voltage Control and Overvoltages -- 12.1 Problems at Power Frequency -- 12.2 Generalized Constants -- 12.3 No-Load Voltage Conditions and Charging Current -- 12.4 The Power Circle Diagram and Its Use -- 12.5 Voltage Control Using Synchronous Condensers -- 12.6 Cascade Connection of Components-Shunt and Series Compensation -- 12.7 Sub-Synchronous Resonance in Series-Capacitor Compensated Lines -- 12.8 Static Reactive Compensating Systems (Static Var) -- 12.9 High Phase Order Transmission -- Chapter 13 EHV Testing and Laboratory Equipment -- 13.1 Standard Specifications -- 13.2 Standard Waveshapes for Testing -- 13.3 Properties of Double-Exponential Waveshapes -- 13.4 Procedures for Calculating a, b, E -- 13.5 Waveshaping Circuits: Principles and Theory -- 13.6 Impulse Generators with Inductance -- 13.7 Generation of Switching Surges for Transformer Testing -- 13.8 Impulse Voltage Generators: Practical Circuits -- 13.9 Energy of Impulse Generators -- 13.10 Generation of Impulse Currents -- 13.11 Generation of High Alternating Test Voltage -- 13.12 Generation of High Direct Voltages -- 13.13 Measurement of High Voltages -- 13.14 General Layout of E.H.V. Laboratories -- Chapter 14 Design of EHV Lines Based-upon Steady State Limits and Transient Overvoltages -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Design Factors Under Steady State -- 14.3 Design Examples: Steady-State Limits -- 14.4 Design Example-I (400 kv, 200 km, 1000 MW) -- 14.5 Design Example-II: 400 kv, 400 km, 1000 MW with Shunt Compensation.
14.6 Design Example-III:400 kv, 800 km, 500 MW/Circuit, 50%Series-Capacitor Compensation, and Shunt Reactors at both Ends -- 14.7 Design Example-IV 750 kv, 500 KM, 2000 MW (With only shunt-Reactors) -- 14.8 Line Insulation Design Based Upon Transient Overvoltages -- Chapter 15 Extra High Voltage Cable Transmission -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Electrical Characteristics of E.H.V. Cables -- 15.3 Properties of Cable-Insulation Materials -- 15.4 Breakdown and Withstand Electrical Stresses in Solid Insulation-Statistical Procedure -- 15.5 Design Basis of Cable Insulation -- 15.6 Further Examples of Cable Designs -- 15.7 Tests on Cable Characteristics -- 15.8 Surge Performance of Cable Systems -- 15.9 Gas Insulated E.H.V. Lines -- Bibliography -- Answers to Problems -- Index.
Abstract:
About the Book: Modern power transmission is utilizing voltages between 345 kV and 1150 kV, A.C. Distances of transmission and bulk powers handled have increased to such an extent that extra high voltages and ultra high voltages (EHV and UHV) are necessary. The problems encountered with such high voltage transmission lines exposed to nature are electrostatic fields near the lines, audible noise, radio interference, corona losses, carrier and TV interference, high voltage gradients, heavy bundled conductors, control of voltages at power frequency using shunt reactors of the switched type which inject harmonics into the system, switched capacitors, overvoltages caused by lightning and switching operations, long air gaps with weak insulating properties for switching surges, ground-return effects, and many more. The important topic of EHV cable transmission up to 1200 kV is gaining ground with oil-filled, PPLP, XLPE, and SF6 insulation. The book covers all topics that are considered essential for understanding the operation and design of EHV ac overhead lines and Underground cables. Theoretical analyses of all problems combined with practical application are presented in detail. EHV laboratory equipment and testing are fully covered together with application of digital recorders, fibre optics, etc. for impulse measurements. Every chapter contains many worked examples in order to illustrate and reinforce the theory. All examples are taken from practical situations as far as possible. Contents: Introduction to EHV AC Transmission Transmission Line Trends and Preliminaries Calculation of Line and Ground Parameters Voltage Gradients of Conductors Corona Effects-I Power Loss and Audible Noise Corona Effects-II: Radio Interferene Electrostatic Field of EHV Lines Theory of Travelling Waves and Standing Lightning and Lightning Protection
Overvoltages in EHV Systems Caused by Switching Operations Insulation Characteristic of Long Air Gaps Power Frequency Voltage Control and Overvoltage EHV Testing and Laboratory Equipment Design of EHV Lines Based upon Steady-State Limit and Transient Overvoltages Extra High Voltage Cable Transmission.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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