RADIATION SAFETY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- FOREWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 1 NUCLEAR FEAR-THE GODZILLA OF ALL FEARS -- 1.1 The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- 1.2 Nuclear Fallout in America -- 1.3 WMDs: Witnesses of Mass Destruction -- 1.4 Fear and the Film Industry -- 1.5 Celluloid Spies -- 1.6 Atomic Nature Run Amok -- 1.7 Post-War Nuclear Reactions -- 1.8 The Specter of Cold War -- 1.9 The Fearful Fifties -- 1.10 Dr. Strangelove and Learning to Love the Bomb -- 1.11 Nuclear Terror Revisited -- 1.12 Chernobyl's Impact on Contemporary Views of Nuclear Energy -- 1.13 The Myth of the Lone Madman -- 1.14 Fear of an Unknown Atom -- 2 TERRORISM AND NUCLEAR FIRE -- 2.1 A Prophetic Warning -- 2.2 History of Terrorism -- 2.3 Terrorism (Un)Defined -- 2.4 Legal Taxonomy of Terrorism -- 2.5 The Defining Principles of Terrorism -- 2.6 Nation States: Fuel for Nuclear Fire -- 2.7 Global Mass Media: The Oxygen of Terrorism -- 2.8 Extremists Groups: The Spark that Ignites Terrorism -- 2.9 Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Nightmare -- 3 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY CONCEPTS -- 3.1 What, Exactly, Is Radiation? -- 3.2 Units of Radioactivity -- 3.3 The Different Types of Radioactive Decay -- 3.4 Measuring Radioactivity -- 3.5 Environmental Radiation -- 3.6 Radiation from Nuclear Power Plants -- 3.7 The Benefits of Radiation on Health and Medicine -- 3.8 The Benefits of Radiation on Agriculture -- 3.9 The Benefits of Radiation on Industry -- 3.10 The Benefits of Radiation on National Security -- 3.11 The Benefits of Radiological and Nuclear Material on International Security -- 4 NUCLEAR COUNTERMEASURES AND NUCLEAR SECURITY -- 4.1 Security of Radiation Sources -- 4.2 Atomic Authorization -- 4.3 Safety of Radiation Sources -- 4.4 Enforcing International Standards of Safety -- 4.5 Meeting Global Needs for Energy -- 4.6 Difficulties of Radioactive Disposal.

4.7 A Radiation Role Model -- 4.8 Nuclear Applications to Increase Public Safety and National Security -- 4.9 Current Nuclear and Radiation Countermeasures -- 5 NUCLEAR EVENTS AND INCIDENTS -- 5.1 The Search for Nuclear Substances -- 5.2 Diplomatic Reasoning -- 5.3 Inferring Nuclear Intent -- 5.4 Nuclear Arms in the Wrong Hands -- 5.5 A More Active Defense -- 5.6 Should Diplomacy Fail -- 5.7 A Closer Look at Nuclear Weapons -- 5.8 Nuclear Blast Force -- 5.9 Nuclear Thermal Force -- 5.10 Radioactive Force -- 5.11 Radiological Dispersion Devices -- 6 RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING -- 6.1 Threat Assessment -- 6.2 Medical Stockpiling -- 6.3 Medical Development -- 6.4 Readying the Response Infrastructure -- 6.5 Evaluating the Medical Countermeasure Enterprise -- 6.6 The Good News: Areas of Improvement -- 6.7 Protective Action Guidelines -- 6.8 The Role of the Military in a Radiological Emergency -- 7 ROLE OF THE FIRST RESPONDER -- 7.1 Structure of the First Response Team's Patterns of Action -- 7.2 Role of the First Response Team -- 7.3 Protection of Responders and the Public -- 7.3.1 Basic Precautions -- 7.3.2 Registration of Emergency Response Personnel -- 7.4 Lessons Learned from First Response to Past Emergencies -- 7.5 Manage the Medical Response -- 7.6 Manage Criminal and Terrorist Threats After a Radiological Event -- 7.7 Launching the First Response -- 7.8 Incident Command -- 7.9 Members of the First Response Team -- 7.10 Preliminary Assessment and Response -- 7.11 Emergency Response Team -- 7.12 Incident Commander Action Guide -- 7.12.1 Observe and Assess -- 7.12.2 Save Lives and Prevent Escalation -- 7.12.3 Extend the Response -- 7.13 Resource Coordinator Action Guide -- 7.14 Fire Departments Action Guide -- 7.15 Emergency Medical Service Action Guide -- 7.16 Law Enforcement/Security Team Action Guide.

7.17 Forensic Evidence Management Team Action Guide -- 7.18 Public Information Officer Action Guide -- 7.19 Crisis Communication Tips -- 7.20 Local Hospital Action Guide -- 7.21 National EOC Action Guide -- 7.22 First Responder Monitor Action Guide -- 8 ACTION PLANS -- 8.1 Assess Hazard and Establish Security Area -- 8.2 Personnel Protection Guidelines -- 8.3 Public Protection Guidelines -- 8.4 Public Registration -- 8.5 Monitor the Public and Responders -- 8.6 Public Decontamination -- 8.7 Response Contamination Control -- 8.8 Monitoring and Decontamination of Vehicles and Equipment -- 8.9 Field Triage for Mass Casualties -- 9 MEDICALTREATMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL INJURIES -- 9.1 The Radiological Effects of RDDs -- 9.2 Radioactivity and Its Impact on the Body -- 9.3 Symptoms and Syndromes -- 9.4 Emergency Assessment -- 9.5 Signs of Dangerous Radiation Dosages -- 9.6 Treatments for Radiation Exposure -- 9.7 Post-Radiation Procedures -- 9.8 Psychological Side Effects -- 9.9 Psychological First Aid -- 9.10 Treating Terror -- 10 CLEANUP AND DECONTAMINATION AFTER A RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT -- 10.1 Differences between Chemical, Biological, and Radiological -- 10.2 Decontamination Differences for Fallout and a RDD -- 10.3 Who will be in Charge of Cleanup and Decontamination? -- 10.4 Radiological Cleanup Overview and Objectives -- 10.5 Radiological Cleanup Decision Making -- 10.6 Initial Cleanup Scoping -- 10.7 Stakeholder Outreach and Stakeholder Working Group -- 10.8 Evaluation of Cleanup Options -- 10.9 Specific Guidelines for Cleanup and Decontamination -- 10.10 The "Do Nothing" Strategy -- 10.11 Physical Removal Strategy -- 10.12 Physical Entrapment Strategy -- 10.13 Chemical Decontamination Strategy -- 10.14 Use of Isotope Dilution for Decontamination -- 10.15 Priorities for Decontamination -- 11 CONCLUSIONS.

11.1 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Internationally? -- 11.2 Who is Internationally Responsible for Nuclear Countermeasures? -- 11.3 Nuclear Terror: Are We Prepared Nationally? -- 11.4 What We Know About the Inevitable -- APPENDIX A RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION MONITORING -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Types of Nuclear Detection Equipment -- A.3 Dose Rate Meters -- A.4 Dosimeters -- A.5 Surface Contamination Meters -- A.6 Airborne Contamination Meters and Gas Monitors -- A.7 Basic Radiation Instrument Components -- A.8 Ionization Chambers as Gas-Filled Detectors -- A.9 Proportional Counters and Gas Amplification -- A.10 Geiger-Müller Counters and Detector Output -- A.11 Practical Ionization Chamber Instruments -- A.12 Practical Proportional Counters -- A.13 Practical Geiger-Müller Counters -- A.14 Scintillation Counters -- A.15 Practical Bulk Scintillation Counters -- A.16 Practical Scintillation Counter Contamination Monitors -- A.17 Solid State Detectors -- A.18 Practical Solid State Detectors -- A.19 Testing Dose Rate Meters -- A.20 Procedures for Using a Dose Rate Meter -- A.21 Testing and Calibration of Surface Contamination Meters -- A.22 Use of a Surface Contamination Meter -- A.23 Procedures for Using a Surface Contamination Meter -- A.24 Special Surface Contamination Monitoring Techniques -- A.25 The Measurement of Airborne Contamination -- A.26 Criteria for the Selection of Monitoring Instruments -- APPENDIX B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- APPENDIX C RADIOLOGICAL TERMS -- APPENDIX D RADIOLOGICAL ATTACK-RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICES-INCIDENT PLANNING GUIDE -- APPENDIX E FEDERAL AGENCIES GOVERNING THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO A RADIOLOGICAL EVENT -- E.1 Introduction -- E.1.1 Purpose -- E.1.2 Scope -- E.1.3 Policies -- E.1.4 Headquarters Planning and Preparedness -- E.2 Situation -- E.3 Planning Assumptions -- E.4 Responsibilities.

E.4.1 General -- E.4.2 Coordinating Agencies -- E.5 Key Federal Radiological Resources/Assets -- E.6 Concept of Operations -- E.6.1 General -- E.6.2 Notification -- E.6.3 Activation -- E.6.4 ICS Implementation -- E.7 Response Activities -- E.8 Recovery -- E.9 Federal Capabilities and Assets -- APPENDIX F POTENTIAL ISOTOPES LIKELY TO BE USED IN A RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSION DEVICE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.