Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Methodology -- 1 Analysis of grip forces during object manipulation -- Summary -- Control of isometric grip forces -- Grip forces during grasping and lifting of objects -- Grip forces during object movements -- Measurement of grip forces during writing -- References -- 2 Kinematic assessment of grasping -- Summary -- Introduction -- What is kinematics? -- Kinematic analysis systems -- Detected variables (sensors) -- Video-based systems -- Optoelectronic techniques -- Systems using passive markers -- Systems using active markers -- Potential errors in marker-based systems -- DataGloves - bend-sensing technology -- A brief review of kinematic studies -- Normal adult subjects -- Development -- Neuropsychology -- Comparative studies -- Future directions -- References -- 3 Digit forces in multi-digit grasps -- Summary -- Single-digit contacts -- Modeling the digit contacts -- Slip prevention -- Multi-digit grasps: a gen tle introduction to grasp mechanics -- Vertically oriented prismatic grasp -- Grasp matrix -- Non-vertical prismatic grasps -- Arbitrary grasps -- Virtual finger -- Internal forces -- Constraints on digit forces -- Prehension synergies -- References -- 4 Recordings from the motor cortex during skilled grasping -- Summary -- Introduction -- Methods for recording of cortical activity in the awake monkey -- Useful signals for decoding cortical activity during grasp -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Recording of electromyogram activity in the monkey during skilled grasping -- Summary -- Introduction -- Methods for chronic EMG recordings in the awake monkey -- Data collection and analysis -- Electromyogram -- Cortical neurons -- Electromyogram-based identification of object-specific grasp in the awake monkey -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.

References -- 6 Transcranial magnetic stimulation investigations of reaching and grasping movements -- Summary -- Introduction -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of the primary motor cortex -- "Virtual lesion" studies of aIPS -- "Virtual lesion" studies of premotor involvement in reach-to-grasp -- Paired-pulse studies of PMd involvement in reach-to-grasp -- References -- 7 Neuroimaging of grasping -- Summary -- Early neuroimaging studies -- Functional magnetic resonance imaging of grasping -- The physiological basis of the BOLD signal -- Technical challenges -- Contribution of fMRI to the neuroscience of grasping -- Visually guided reach-to-grasp and frontoparietal circuits -- Sensorimotor control mechanisms for dexterous manipulation -- References -- 8 Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of the basal ganglia and precision grip -- Summary -- Introduction -- Selection of grip force output and the basal ganglia -- Role of the basal ganglia in scaling the duration, rate and amplitude of force -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 9 Models for the control of grasping -- Summary -- Introduction -- Neurophysiological considerations and the FARS model -- Learning: grasp developm ent in infant s -- Learning: hand configurations suitable for the target object -- Control:coordination of reach and grasp -- Control: internal models and load force-grip force coupling -- Discussion -- Notes -- References -- Part II The physiology of grasping -- 10 The study of hand movements during grasping. A historical perspective -- Summary -- Introduction: hand grasping movements before 1980 -- The Brandeis Meeting (1978) -- A method for reducing the number of degrees of freedom -- The kinematic description of grasping -- The coordination and timing of the two components -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Sensory control of object manipulation.

Summary -- Sensory systems supporting object manipulation -- Contact events and action goals in manipulation tasks -- Predictions and control points in the tactile modality -- Control points for reaches for objects -- Tactile contact responses -- Control points supporting grasp stability -- Tactile contact responses -- Accidental slips -- Control points for object motion -- Predictions and control points in the visual modality -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Predictive mechanisms and object representations used in object manipulation -- Summary -- Introduction -- Prediction and internal models -- Neural basis of anticipatory grip force adjustments -- Independent object representations in action and perception -- References -- 13 The neurohaptic control of the hand -- Summary -- Introduction -- Two broad classes of hand movements -- prehension and exploration -- Prehension and the sense of touch -- The precision grip and the co-contraction of antagonist muscles -- The skin and skin receptors: structure and implicit function -- The motor cortex and hand movements -- Other cortical motor areas and hand movements -- Cerebellum and hand movements -- Somatosensory cortex and hand movements -- Role of somatosensory cortex in grasping -- Tactile exploration -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Points for precision grip -- Summary -- Introduction -- Gripping -- Basic grip and friction -- Local shape constraints on grip points -- Weight distribution as a constraint on precision grip -- Cues to grip point selection -- Approach to gripping: Reach and grasp -- Transport and grasp as two independent processes -- Kinematic constraints on grip posture -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Two hands in object-oriented action -- Summary -- Introduction -- Bimanual force production and the crosstalk model.

Cortical substrates for bimanual constraints -- Predictive mechanisms and bimanual coordination -- Subcortical structures in bimanual coordination -- Assigning two hands to different subgoals -- Lateralization at the cortical level -- Bimanual object manipulation -- Mirror neurons and complementary action -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 16 Dynamic grasp control during gait -- Summary -- Introduction -- Grip force coordination during regular rhythmic gait -- Methodological considerations when analyzing grip force during locomotion -- Grip-force coordination during predictable gait variations -- Grip-force coordination during gait initiation -- Neuro-motor control processes in object transport during locomotion -- Conclusions -- References -- 17 Development of grasping and object manipulation -- Summary -- Introduction -- Development of prehension -- Development of independent finger movements -- Development of object manipulation -- Manipulation of unstable objects -- Manipulation and lifting of stable objects -- Sensory control mechanisms -- Adaptation to friction - tactile adjustments -- Adaptation to weight - predictive parameterisation of force -- Triggered corrections - reflexes involved in manipulation -- Neuronal group selection theory -- References -- 18 The effects of aging on sensorimotor control of the hand -- Summary -- Introduction -- Behavioral slowing -- Beyond behavioral slowing -- Controlling total external moments on objects - a fundamental problem in aging? -- Does impaired sensory processing contribute to declining fine dexterity? -- Force variability and declining dexterity -- Bilateral hand function -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III The pathophysiology of grasping -- 19 Disorders of the somatosensory system -- Summary -- Introduction.

Transient perturbation of somatosensory afferents in healthy subjects -- Lesions of the peripheral sensory system -- Polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome -- Traumatic nerve injury -- Complete sensory deafferentation -- Somatosensory deficits following central lesions -- Stroke -- Cerebral palsy -- Conclusion -- References -- 20 Multi-digit grasping and manipulation: effect of carpal tunnel syndrome on force coordination -- Summary -- Introduction -- Carpal tunnel syndrome -- Effect of carpal tunnel syndrome on grasp control -- Effect of CTS on multi-digit grasping -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Stroke -- Summary -- General information about stroke -- Paresis post stroke -- Kinematic and kinetic alterations in grasping post stroke -- Recovery of grasping -- Relationships between the ability to grasp and daily function -- Unique grasping deficits when stroke damages only the posterior parietal lobe -- Conclusions -- References -- 22 Prehension characteristics in Parkinson's disease patients -- Summary -- Introduction -- Components of prehension -- Prehension characteristics for Parkinson's disease patients -- Control of transport -- Control of grasp -- Coordination between transport and grasp -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 23 Grip-force analysis in Huntington's disease - a biomarker for clinical trials? -- Summary -- Introduction -- Impairment of grip forces in Huntington's disease shows correlation to clinical measures of disease severity -- Assessment of progression in Huntington's disease using grip-force analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 24 Traumatic brain injury -- Summary -- Traumatic brain injury: incidence, severity and imaging -- Hand-function tests after TBI -- Kinematic analysis of prehension and precision grip forces -- Reach-to-grasp movements.

Precision grip.