Front Cover -- Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General Introduction to Renewable Energy Technologies -- 1.2 Energy Demand and Renewable Energy -- 1.3 Energy-Related Environmental Problems -- 1.3.1 Acid Rain -- 1.3.2 Ozone Layer Depletion -- 1.3.3 Global Climate Change -- 1.3.4 Nuclear Energy -- 1.3.5 Renewable Energy Technologies -- 1.4 State of the Climate in 2005 -- 1.4.1 Global Temperature -- 1.4.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 1.4.3 Methane -- 1.4.4 Carbon Monoxide -- 1.4.5 Nitrous Oxide and Sulfur Hexafluoride -- 1.4.6 Halocarbons -- 1.4.7 Sea Level -- 1.5 Brief History of Solar Energy -- 1.5.1 Photovoltaics -- 1.5.2 Solar Desalination -- 1.5.3 Solar Drying -- 1.5.4 Passive Solar Buildings -- 1.6 Other Renewable Energy Systems -- 1.6.1 Wind Energy -- 1.6.2 Biomass -- 1.6.3 Geothermal Energy -- 1.6.4 Hydrogen -- 1.6.5 Ocean Energy -- Exercise -- References -- Chapter 2 Environmental Characteristics -- 2.1 Reckoning of Time -- 2.1.1 Equation of Time -- 2.1.2 Longitude Correction -- 2.2 Solar Angles -- 2.2.1 The Incidence Angle for Moving Surfaces -- 2.2.2 Sun Path Diagrams -- 2.2.3 Shadow Determination -- 2.3 Solar Radiation -- 2.3.1 General -- 2.3.2 Thermal Radiation -- 2.3.3 Transparent Plates -- 2.3.4 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces -- 2.3.5 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation -- 2.3.6 Atmospheric Attenuation -- 2.3.7 Terrestrial Irradiation -- 2.3.8 Total Radiation on Tilted Surfaces -- 2.3.9 Solar Radiation Measuring Equipment -- 2.4 The Solar Resource -- 2.4.1 Typical Meteorological Year -- 2.4.2 Typical Meteorological Year, Second Generation -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 3 Solar Energy Collectors -- 3.1 Stationary Collectors -- 3.1.1 Flat-Plate Collectors (FPCs) -- 3.1.2 Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPCs) -- 3.1.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs).

3.2 Sun-Tracking Concentrating Collectors -- 3.2.1 Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) -- 3.2.2 Fresnel Collectors -- 3.2.3 Parabolic Dish Reflectors (PDRs) -- 3.2.4 Heliostat Field Collectors (HFCs) -- 3.3 Thermal Analysis of Flat-Plate Collectors -- 3.3.1 Absorbed Solar Radiation -- 3.3.2 Collector Energy Losses -- 3.3.3 Temperature Distribution Between the Tubes and Collector Efficiency Factor -- 3.3.4 Heat Removal Factor, Flow Factor, and Thermal Efficiency -- 3.4 Thermal Analysis of Air Collectors -- 3.5 Practical Considerations for Flat-Plate Collectors -- 3.6 Concentrating Collectors -- 3.6.1 Optical Analysis of a Compound Parabolic Collector -- 3.6.2 Thermal Analysis of Compound Parabolic Collectors -- 3.6.3 Optical Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors -- 3.6.4 Thermal Analysis of Parabolic Trough Collectors -- 3.7 Second-Law Analysis -- 3.7.1 Minimum Entropy Generation Rate -- 3.7.2 Optimum Collector Temperature -- 3.7.3 Non-Isothermal Collector -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 4 Performance of Solar Collectors -- 4.1 Collector Thermal Efficiency -- 4.1.1 Effect of Flow Rate -- 4.1.2 Collectors in Series -- 4.1.3 Standard Requirements -- 4.2 Collector Incidence Angle Modifier -- 4.2.1 Flat-Plate Collectors -- 4.2.2 Concentrating Collectors -- 4.3 Concentrating Collector Acceptance Angle -- 4.4 Collector Time Constant -- 4.5 Dynamic System Test Method -- 4.6 Collector Test Results and Preliminary Collector Selection -- 4.7 Quality Test Methods -- 4.7.1 Internal Pressure Test -- 4.7.2 High-Temperature Resistance Test -- 4.7.3 Exposure Test -- 4.7.4 External Thermal Shock Test -- 4.7.5 Internal Thermal Shock Test -- 4.7.6 Rain Penetration -- 4.7.7 Freezing Test -- 4.7.8 Impact Resistance Test -- 4.8 European Standards -- 4.8.1 Solar Keymark -- 4.9 Data Acquisition Systems -- 4.9.1 Portable Data Loggers -- Exercises -- References.

Chapter 5 Solar Water Heating Systems -- 5.1 Passive Systems -- 5.1.1 Thermosiphon Systems -- 5.1.2 Integrated Collector Storage Systems -- 5.2 Active Systems -- 5.2.1 Direct Circulation Systems -- 5.2.2 Indirect Water Heating Systems -- 5.2.3 Air Water-Heating Systems -- 5.2.4 Heat Pump Systems -- 5.2.5 Pool Heating Systems -- 5.3 Heat Storage Systems -- 5.3.1 Air System Thermal Storage -- 5.3.2 Liquid System Thermal Storage -- 5.3.3 Thermal Analysis of Storage Systems -- 5.4 Module and Array Design -- 5.4.1 Module Design -- 5.4.2 Array Design -- 5.5 Differential Temperature Controller -- 5.5.1 Placement of Sensors -- 5.6 Hot Water Demand -- 5.7 Solar Water Heater Performance Evaluation -- 5.8 Simple System Models -- 5.9 Practical Considerations -- 5.9.1 Pipes, Supports, and Insulation -- 5.9.2 Pumps -- 5.9.3 Valves -- 5.9.4 Instrumentation -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 6 Solar Space Heating and Cooling -- 6.1 Thermal Load Estimation -- 6.1.1 The Heat Balance Method -- 6.1.2 The Transfer Function Method -- 6.1.3 Heat Extraction Rate and Room Temperature -- 6.1.4 Degree Day Method -- 6.1.5 Building Heat Transfer -- 6.2 Passive Space Heating Design -- 6.2.1 Building Construction: Thermal Mass Effects -- 6.2.2 Building Shape and Orientation -- 6.2.3 Insulation -- 6.2.4 Windows: Sunspaces -- 6.2.5 Overhangs -- 6.2.6 Natural Ventilation -- 6.3 Solar Space Heating and Cooling -- 6.3.1 Space Heating and Service Hot Water -- 6.3.2 Air Systems -- 6.3.3 Water Systems -- 6.3.4 Location of Auxiliary Heater -- 6.3.5 Heat Pump Systems -- 6.4 Solar Cooling -- 6.4.1 Adsorption Units -- 6.4.2 Absorption Units -- 6.5 Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 7 Industrial Process Heat, Chemistry Applications, and Solar Dryers -- 7.1 Industrial Process Heat: General Design Considerations.

7.1.1 Solar Industrial Air and Water Systems -- 7.2 Solar Steam Generation Systems -- 7.2.1 Steam Generation Methods -- 7.2.2 Flash Vessel Design -- 7.3 Solar Chemistry Applications -- 7.3.1 Reforming of Fuels -- 7.3.2 Fuel Cells -- 7.3.3 Materials Processing -- 7.3.4 Solar Detoxification -- 7.4 Solar Dryers -- 7.4.1 Active Solar Energy Dryers -- 7.4.2 Passive Solar Energy Dryers -- 7.5 Greenhouses -- 7.5.1 Greenhouse Materials -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 8 Solar Desalination Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Water and Energy -- 8.1.2 Water Demand and Consumption -- 8.1.3 Desalination and Energy -- 8.2 Desalination Processes -- 8.2.1 Desalination Systems Exergy Analysis -- 8.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Thermal Desalination Systems -- 8.3 Direct Collection Systems -- 8.3.1 Classification of Solar Distillation Systems -- 8.3.2 Performance of Solar Stills -- 8.3.3 General Comments -- 8.4 Indirect Collection Systems -- 8.4.1 The Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Process -- 8.4.2 The Multiple-Effect Boiling (MEB) Process -- 8.4.3 The Vapor Compression (VC) Process -- 8.4.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 8.4.5 Electrodialysis (ED) -- 8.5 Review of Renewable Energy Desalination Systems -- 8.5.1 Solar Thermal Energy -- 8.5.2 Solar Ponds -- 8.5.3 Solar Photovoltaic Technology -- 8.5.4 Wind Power -- 8.5.5 Hybrid Solar PV-Wind Power -- 8.5.6 Geothermal Energy -- 8.6 Process Selection -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 9 Photovoltaic Systems -- 9.1 Semiconductors -- 9.1.1 p-n Junction -- 9.1.2 Photovoltaic Effect -- 9.1.3 PV Cell Characteristics -- 9.2 Photovoltaic Panels -- 9.2.1 PV Arrays -- 9.2.2 Types of PV Technology -- 9.3 Related Equipment -- 9.3.1 Batteries -- 9.3.2 Inverters -- 9.3.3 Charge Controllers -- 9.3.4 Peak-Power Trackers -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.4.1 Direct Coupled PV System -- 9.4.2 Stand-Alone Applications -- 9.4.3 Grid-Connected Systems.

9.4.4 Hybrid-Connected Systems -- 9.4.5 Types of Applications -- 9.5 Design of PV Systems -- 9.5.1 Electrical Loads -- 9.5.2 Absorbed Solar Radiation -- 9.5.3 Cell Temperature -- 9.5.4 Sizing of PV Systems -- 9.6 Concentrating PV -- 9.7 Hybrid PV/T Systems -- 9.7.1 Hybrid PV/T Applications -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 10 Solar Thermal Power Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Parabolic Trough Collector Systems -- 10.2.1 Description of the PTC Power Plants -- 10.2.2 Outlook for the Technology -- 10.3 Power Tower Systems -- 10.3.1 System Characteristics -- 10.4 Dish Systems -- 10.4.1 Dish Collector System Characteristics -- 10.5 Thermal Analysis of Solar Power Plants -- 10.6 Solar Ponds -- 10.6.1 Practical Design Considerations -- 10.6.2 Transmission Estimation -- 10.6.3 Applications -- Exercises -- References -- Chapter 11 Designing and Modeling Solar Energy Systems -- 11.1 f-Chart Method and Program -- 11.1.1 Performance and Design of Liquid-Based Solar Heating Systems -- 11.1.2 Performance and Design of Air-Based Solar Heating Systems -- 11.1.3 Performance and Design of Solar Service Water Systems -- 11.1.4 General Remarks -- 11.1.5 f-Chart Program -- 11.2 Utilizability Method -- 11.2.1 Hourly Utilizability -- 11.2.2 Daily Utilizability -- 11.2.3 Design of Active Systems With the Utilizability Method -- 11.3 The Φ, f-Chart Method -- 11.3.1 Storage Tank Losses Correction -- 11.3.2 Heat Exchanger Correction -- 11.4 Unutilizability Method -- 11.4.1 Direct Gain Systems -- 11.4.2 Collector Storage Walls -- 11.4.3 Active Collection with Passive Storage Systems -- 11.5 Modeling and Simulation of Solar Energy Systems -- 11.5.1 TRNSYS Simulation Program -- 11.5.2 WATSUN Simulation Program -- 11.5.3 Polysun Simulation Program -- 11.6 Artificial Intelligence in Solar Energy Systems -- 11.6.1 Artificial Neural Networks -- 11.6.2 Genetic Algorithms.

11.6.3 Fuzzy Logic.