Wind Energy Generation -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- Acronyms and Symbols -- 1 Electricity Generation from Wind Energy -- 1.1 Wind Farms -- 1.2 Wind Energy-generating Systems -- 1.2.1 Wind Turbines -- 1.2.2 Wind Turbine Architectures -- 1.3 Wind Generators Compared with Conventional Power Plant -- 1.3.1 Local Impacts -- 1.3.2 System-wide Impacts -- 1.4 Grid Code Regulations for the Integration of Wind Generation -- References -- 2 Power Electronics for Wind Turbines -- 2.1 Soft-starter for FSIG Wind Turbines -- 2.2 Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) -- 2.2.1 The Two-level VSC -- 2.2.2 Square-wave Operation -- 2.2.3 Carrier-based PWM (CB-PWM) -- 2.2.4 Switching Frequency Optimal PWM (SFO-PWM) -- 2.2.5 Regular and Non-regular Sampled PWM (RS-PWM and NRS-PWM) -- 2.2.6 Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEM) -- 2.2.7 Voltage Space Vector Switching (SV-PWM) -- 2.2.8 Hysteresis Switching -- 2.3 Application of VSCs for Variable-speed Systems -- 2.3.1 VSC with a Diode Bridge -- 2.3.2 Back-to-Back VSCs -- References -- 3 Modelling of Synchronous Generators -- 3.1 Synchronous Generator Construction -- 3.2 The Air-gap Magnetic Field of the Synchronous Generator -- 3.3 Coil Representation of the Synchronous Generator -- 3.4 Generator Equations in the dq Frame -- 3.4.1 Generator Electromagnetic Torque -- 3.5 Steady-state Operation -- 3.6 Synchronous Generator with Damper Windings -- 3.7 Non-reduced Order Model -- 3.8 Reduced-order Model -- 3.9 Control of Large Synchronous Generators -- 3.9.1 Excitation Control -- 3.9.2 Prime Mover Control -- References -- 4 Fixed-speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based Wind Turbines -- 4.1 Induction Machine Construction -- 4.1.1 Squirrel-cage Rotor -- 4.1.2 Wound Rotor -- 4.2 Steady-state Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Variations in Generator Terminal Voltage -- 4.3 FSIG Configurations for Wind Generation.

4.3.1 Two-speed Operation -- 4.3.2 Variable-slip Operation -- 4.3.3 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment -- 4.4 Induction Machine Modelling -- 4.4.1 FSIG Model as a Voltage Behind a Transient Reactance -- 4.5 Dynamic Performance of FSIG Wind Turbines -- 4.5.1 Small Disturbances -- 4.5.2 Performance During Network Faults -- References -- 5 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Turbines -- 5.1 Typical DFIG Configuration -- 5.2 Steady-state Characteristics -- 5.2.1 Active Power Relationships in the Steady State -- 5.2.2 Vector Diagram of Operating Conditions -- 5.3 Control for Optimum Wind Power Extraction -- 5.4 Control Strategies for a DFIG -- 5.4.1 Current-mode Control (PVdq) -- 5.4.2 Rotor Flux Magnitude and Angle Control -- 5.5 Dynamic Performance Assessment -- 5.5.1 Small Disturbances -- 5.5.2 Performance During Network Faults -- References -- 6 Fully Rated Converter-based (FRC) Wind Turbines -- 6.1 FRC Synchronous Generator-based (FRC-SG) Wind Turbine -- 6.1.1 Direct-driven Wind Turbine Generators -- 6.1.2 Permanent Magnets Versus Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators -- 6.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator -- 6.1.4 Wind Turbine Control and Dynamic Performance Assessment -- 6.2 FRC Induction Generator-based (FRC-IG) Wind Turbine -- 6.2.1 Steady-state Performance -- 6.2.2 Control of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine -- 6.2.3 Performance Characteristics of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine -- References -- 7 Influence of Rotor Dynamics on Wind Turbine Operation -- 7.1 Blade Bending Dynamics -- 7.2 Derivation of Three-mass Model -- 7.2.1 Example: 300 kW FSIG Wind Turbine -- 7.3 Effective Two-mass Model -- 7.4 Assessment of FSIG and DFIG Wind Turbine Performance -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Influence of Wind Farms on Network Dynamic Performance -- 8.1 Dynamic Stability and its Assessment.

8.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Synchronous Generation -- 8.3 A Synchronizing Power and Damping Power Model of a Synchronous Generator -- 8.4 Influence of Automatic Voltage Regulator on Damping -- 8.5 Influence on Damping of Generator Operating Conditions -- 8.6 Influence of Turbine Governor on Generator Operation -- 8.7 Transient Stability -- 8.8 Voltage Stability -- 8.9 Generic Test Network -- 8.10 Influence of Generation Type on Network Dynamic Stability -- 8.10.1 Generator 2 - Synchronous Generator -- 8.10.2 Generator 2 - FSIG-based Wind Farm -- 8.10.3 Generator 2 - DFIG-based Wind Farm (PVdq Control) -- 8.10.4 Generator 2 - DFIG-based Wind Farm (FMAC Control) -- 8.10.5 Generator 2 - FRC-based Wind Farm -- 8.11 Dynamic Interaction of Wind Farms with the Network -- 8.11.1 FSIG Influence on Network Damping -- 8.11.2 DFIG Influence on Network Damping -- 8.12 Influence of Wind Generation on Network Transient Performance -- 8.12.1 Generator 2 - Synchronous Generator -- 8.12.2 Generator 2 - FSIG Wind Farm -- 8.12.3 Generator 2 - DFIG Wind Farm -- 8.12.4 Generator 2 - FRC Wind Farm -- References -- 9 Power Systems Stabilizers and Network Damping Capability of Wind Farms -- 9.1 A Power System Stabilizer for a Synchronous Generator -- 9.1.1 Requirements and Function -- 9.1.2 Synchronous Generator PSS and its Performance Contributions -- 9.2 A Power System Stabilizer for a DFIG -- 9.2.1 Requirements and Function -- 9.2.2 DFIG-PSS and its Performance Contributions -- 9.3 A Power System Stabilizer for an FRC Wind Farm -- 9.3.1 Requirements and Functions -- 9.3.2 FRC-PSS and its Performance Contributions -- References -- 10 The Integration of Wind Farms into the Power System -- 10.1 Reactive Power Compensation -- 10.1.1 Static Var Compensator (SVC) -- 10.1.2 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) -- 10.1.3 STATCOM and FSIG Stability -- 10.2 HVAC Connections.

10.3 HVDC Connections -- 10.3.1 LCC-HVDC -- 10.3.2 VSC-HVDC -- 10.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC -- 10.3.4 HVDC Transmission - Opportunities and Challenges -- 10.4 Example of the Design of a Submarine Network -- 10.4.1 Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm -- 10.4.2 Onshore Grid Connection Points -- 10.4.3 Technical Analysis -- 10.4.4 Cost Analysis -- 10.4.5 Recommended Point of Connection -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 11 Wind Turbine Control for System Contingencies -- 11.1 Contribution of Wind Generation to Frequency Regulation -- 11.1.1 Frequency Control -- 11.1.2 Wind Turbine Inertia -- 11.1.3 Fast Primary Response -- 11.1.4 Slow Primary Response -- 11.2 Fault Ride-through (FRT) -- 11.2.1 FSIGs -- 11.2.2 DFIGs -- 11.2.3 FRCs -- 11.2.4 VSC-HVDC with FSIG Wind Farm -- 11.2.5 FRC Wind Turbines Connected Via a VSC-HVDC -- References -- Appendix A: State-Space Concepts and Models -- Appendix B: Introduction to Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors -- Appendix C: Linearization of State Equations -- Appendix D: Generic Network Model Parameters -- Index.