Inorganic Geochemistry: Applications to Petroleum Geology -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 How is inorganic geochemistry applied to petroleum geology? -- 1.3 What is in this book -- 1.4 Overview -- 1.5 What is not in this book -- Chapter 2: Textural and Mineralogical Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Transmitted light microscopy -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Sample preparation -- 2.2.3 Mineral identification and differentiation of detrital grains from diagenetic cements -- 2.2.4 Mineralogical quantification -- 2.2.5 Mineral paragenesis -- 2.2.6 Porosity description -- 2.3 Cathodoluminescence microscopy -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Analytical techniques -- 2.3.3 Sample preparation -- 2.3.4 Applications of CL -- 2.4 Ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Applications of UVF -- 2.5 Scanning electron microscopy -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Sample preparation -- 2.5.3 Applications of emission mode SEM -- 2.5.4 Applications of backscatter mode SEM -- 2.6 Transmission electron microscopy -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 Sample preparation -- 2.6.3 Applications of TEM -- 2.7 X-ray diffraction -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 Sample preparation -- 2.7.3 Applications of XRD -- 2.8 Thermogravimetry-evolved water analysis -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Analytical techniques -- 2.8.3 Applications of TG-EWA -- 2.9 Pore image analysis -- 2.9.1 Introduction -- 2.9.2 Analytical techniques -- 2.9.3 Applications of PIA -- Chapter 3: Fluid Inclusions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Relationship to host mineral -- 3.3 Microthermometry I - principles -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Melting temperatures of solid phases -- 3.3.3 Homogenization temperatures -- 3.3.4 Data collection - precision and accuracy -- 3.4 Microthermometry II - interpretation -- 3.4.1 Introduction.

3.4.2 Stretching and leakage - a terminal problem? -- 3.4.3 Pressure corrections: can we and should we? -- 3.4.4 Example 1: calcite filled fractures, Little Knife Field, North Dakota -- 3.4.5 Example 2: mineral cementation, offshore Angola -- 3.5 Non-destructive analysis of individual inclusions -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Laser Raman spectroscopy -- 3.5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 3.5.4 Ultraviolet fluorescence -- 3.6 Bulk analysis of petroleum inclusions -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Isolation of a fluid sample -- 3.6.3 Gas chromatography -- 3.6.4 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry -- Chapter 4: Stable Isotopes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Terminology -- 4.2.2 Isotope fractionation -- 4.2.3 Isotope geothermometry -- 4.2.4 Analytical methods -- 4.2.5 Data interpretation: general problems -- 4.3 Oxygen and hydrogen -- 4.3.1 Water -- 4.3.2 Silicates -- 4.3.3 Example 1: quartz cement in a Pennsylvanian sandstone, West Tuscola Field, north-central Texas -- 4.3.4 Example 2: illite cement in fluvial sandstone, Brent Group, Northern North Sea -- 4.3.5 Carbonates -- 4.3.6 Sulphates -- 4.4 Carbon -- 4.4.1 Principles -- 4.4.2 Example 3: calcite cement in a Miocene carbonate reservoir, Liuhua Field, Pearl River Mouth Basin, offshore China -- 4.5 Sulphur -- 4.5.1 Principles -- 4.5.2 Example 4: thermochemical sulphate reduction in a carbonate reservoir, deep Foothills region, Alberta, Canada -- Chapter 5: Radiogenic Isotopes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Radiogenic isotope systems -- 5.3 K-Ar dating -- 5.3.1 Principles -- 5.3.2 Analytical methods: precision and accuracy -- 5.3.3 Assumptions -- 5.3.4 Example 1: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea -- 5.3.5 Example 2: illite cement in fluvial sandstone, Brent Group, Northern North Sea -- 5.3.6 Example 3: K-feldspar cement, offshore Angola.

5.4 40Ar- 39Ar dating -- 5.4.1 Principles -- 5.4.2 Example 4: chlorite cement, Triassic, Central North Sea -- 5.4.3 Example 5: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea -- 5.4.4 Example 6: K-feldspar overgrowths -- 5.5 The Rb-Sr system -- 5.5.1 Principles -- 5.5.2 Analytical methods -- 5.5.3 Rb-Sr dating of clay minerals -- 5.5.4 Example 7: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea -- 5.5.5 Sr isotope stratigraphy -- 5.5.6 Example 8: dating Tertiary sediments, Vøring Plateau, offshore Norway -- 5.5.7 Tracing the origin of Sr in subsurface fluids -- 5.6 The Sm-Nd system -- 5.7 U-Th-Pb dating of carbonates -- Chapter 6: Porosity and Permeability Prediction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reservoir quality prediction in frontiers exploration: Flemish Pass Basin, offshore Newfoundland -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Geological background -- 6.2.3 Approach -- 6.2.4 Establishing a relationship between permeability and depth -- 6.2.5 Prediction of uncemented reservoir -- 6.2.6 Conclusions -- 6.3 Net to gross prediction: Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Geological background -- 6.3.3 Approach -- 6.3.4 Quantitative mineralogy: controls on reservoir quality -- 6.3.5 Conditions of mineral cement growth -- 6.3.6 Prediction of Tight Zone thickness -- 6.3.7 Conclusions -- 6.4 Influence of kaolinite on sandstone porosity: Brent Province, Northern North Sea -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Geological background -- 6.4.3 Approach -- 6.4.4 Petrography and isotopic composition of kaolinites -- 6.4.5 Conclusions -- 6.5 Appraisal from a discovery well: Magnus Field, Northern North Sea -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 Geological background -- 6.5.3 Approach -- 6.5.4 Controls on porosity and relationship of cementation to oil filling -- 6.5.5 Conclusions.

6.6 History of fracturing in a Chalk reservoir: Machar Field, Central North Sea -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Geological background -- 6.6.3 Approach -- 6.6.4 Geochemistry of fracture fills I - fluid inclusions -- 6.6.5 Geochemistry of fracture fills II - stable and radiogenic isotopes -- 6.6.6 Conclusions -- 6.7 Controls on permeability and the origin of high-permeability streaks: Forties Field, Central North Sea -- 6.7.1 Introduction -- 6.7.2 Geological background -- 6.7.3 Approach -- 6.7.4 Image analysis of Forties Formation sandstones -- 6.7.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Fluid Migration -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 History of petroleum migration from outcrop samples: Aquitaine Basin, France -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Geological background -- 7.2.3 Approach -- 7.2.4 Fluid inclusions: petrography, microthermometry and GCMS analysis -- 7.2.5 Conclusions -- 7.3 Prediction of the occurrence of diagenetic celestite cap rock: Central North Sea -- 7.3.1 Introduction and approach -- 7.3.2 Conditions and cause of celestite precipitation -- 7.3.3 Simulation of celestite precipitation -- 7.3.4 Conclusions -- 7.4: Regional mapping of migration pathways: Weald Basin, onshore UK -- 7.4.1 Introduction and approach -- 7.4.2 Geological background -- 7.4.3 Fluid inclusions in ferroan calcite cement -- 7.4.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Filling history of a reservoir: Waalwijk, onshore Netherlands -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Geological background -- 7.5.3 Approach -- 7.5.4 Petrography, K-Ar illite ages and dolomite stable isotope ratios -- 7.5.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Correlation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Stratigraphic correlation -- 8.3 Lithological and reservoir property correlation -- 8.4 Stratigraphic correlation in exploration: Tertiary of offshore Norway -- 8.4.1 Introduction -- 8.4.2 Geological background -- 8.4.3 Approach -- 8.4.4 Strontium isotope ages.

8.4.5 Conclusions -- 8.5 Stratigraphic correlation in exploration: Plio-Pleistocene of the Gulf of Mexico -- 8.5.1 Introduction -- 8.5.2 Geological background -- 8.5.3 Approach -- 8.5.4 Oxygen isotope stratigraphy -- 8.5.5 Conclusions -- 8.6 Reservoir connectivity: Ekofisk Field, Cretaceous of offshore Norway -- 8.6.1 Introduction -- 8.6.2 Geological background -- 8.6.3 Approach -- 8.6.4 Isotopic analyses of chalk and residual salts -- 8.6.5 Conclusions -- 8.7 Reservoir correlation: Gullfaks Field, Triassic-Jurassic of offshore Norway -- 8.7.1 Introduction -- 8.7.2 Geological background -- 8.7.3 Approach -- 8.7.4 Sm-Nd isotopic correlation -- 8.7.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Petroleum Recovery -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Secondary recovery -- 9.3 Enhanced oil recovery -- 9.4 Production of corrosive fluids -- 9.5 Secondary recovery: Forties Field, offshore UK -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 Geological background -- 9.5.3 Approach -- 9.5.4 Chemical and isotopic analyses of produced fluids -- 9.5.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Secondary recovery and gas souring: Wytch Farm Oilfield, Dorset, UK -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 Geological background -- 9.6.3 Approach -- 9.6.4 Chemical and isotopic analyses of produced fluids -- 9.6.5 Conclusions -- 9.7 Enhanced oil recovery - steam injection: Cold Lake Area Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada -- 9.7.1 Introduction -- 9.7.2 Geological background -- 9.7.3 Approach -- 9.7.4 Petrographic and isotopic investigations of steam-induced reactions -- 9.7.5 Conclusions -- 9.8 Enhanced oil recovery - fireflooding: Lloydminster Area Oil Sands, Saskatchewan, Canada -- 9.8.1 Introduction -- 9.8.2 Geological background -- 9.8.3 Approach -- 9.8.4 Petrographic investigation of mineralogical changes -- 9.8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.