A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A-GPS Overview -- 1.2 Book Structure -- 1.3 Civilian Signals -- 1.4 Theoretical and Practical Approach -- 1.5 Terminology: A-GPS, A-GNSS -- 1.6 For Whom Is This Book Intended? -- 1.7 What's New? -- References -- Chapter 2 Standard GPS Review -- 2.1 Overview: How GPS Was Designed to Work -- 2.1.1 Chapter Outline -- 2.2 GPS Signal Power -- 2.3 Satellite Orbits -- 2.4 Satellite Clocks -- 2.5 Ephemeris -- 2.6 GPS Signals -- 2.7 Basic GPS Receiver Functions -- 2.7.1 Mixers -- References -- Chapter 3 Assistance, the "A" in A-GPS -- 3.1 Acquisition and Assistance Overview -- 3.1.1 Introduction to Frequency/Code-Delay Search Space -- 3.1.2 Quantitative Overview -- 3.1.3 Cold, Warm, and Hot Starts -- 3.1.4 Assistance -- 3.1.5 Chapter Outline -- 3.2 Frequency and Code-Delay Search Space -- 3.2.1 Satellite Motion -- 3.2.2 Receiver Motion -- 3.2.3 Receiver Oscillator Offset -- 3.2.4 Code-Delay -- 3.3 Frequency/Code-Delay Search with Standard GPS -- 3.3.1 Hardware and Software Receivers, Sequential and Parallel Searches -- 3.3.2 Frequency Bin Spacing -- 3.3.3 Typical Acquisition Scheme, Autonomous Cold Start -- 3.3.4 Typical Acquisition Scheme, Warm Start -- 3.3.5 Typical Acquisition Scheme, Hot Start -- 3.4 Tracking, Reacquisition, and Assistance -- 3.5 MS-Assisted and MS-Based GPS -- 3.6 A-GPS Frequency Assistance -- 3.6.1 MS-Based Frequency Assistance -- 3.6.2 MS-Assisted Frequency Assistance -- 3.6.3 Assistance Frequency Error Analysis: Time -- 3.6.4 Assistance-Frequency Error Analysis: Reference Frequency and Speed -- 3.6.5 Assistance Frequency Error Analysis: Position -- 3.6.6 Assistance Frequency Error Analysis: Almanac or Ephemeris -- 3.7 A-GPS Time Assistance for Code Delay -- 3.7.1 MS-Based Fine-Time Assistance.

3.7.2 MS-Assisted Fine-Time Assistance -- 3.7.3 Code-Delay Assistance Error Analysis: Fine-Time -- 3.7.4 Code-Delay Assistance Error Analysis: Position -- 3.7.5 Code-Delay Assistance Error Analysis: Almanac or Ephemeris -- 3.8 Typical Acquisition Scheme, Assisted Cold Start -- 3.8.1 Coarse-Time, Frequency Search -- 3.8.2 Fine-Time, Code-Delay Search -- 3.8.3 Coarse-Time, Code-Delay Search -- References -- Chapter 4 Coarse-Time Navigation: Instant GPS -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.1.1 Precise and Coarse Time in Navigation -- 4.1.2 Chapter Outline -- 4.2 Navigation, Algebraic Description -- 4.2.1 Terminology and the Observation Matrix H -- 4.3 Navigation Equations with Coarse Time -- 4.3.1 Other Approaches to Coarse Time -- 4.4 Millisecond Integers and Common Bias -- 4.4.1 Examples of the Effect of Common Bias -- 4.4.2 Solving for Millisecond Integer Ambiguity -- 4.5 Further Navigation Details -- 4.5.1 Common Bias, Not Clock Bias -- 4.5.2 Satellite Clock Error -- 4.5.3 Coordinate Systems -- 4.5.4 Pseudomeasurements -- 4.5.5 Practical Considerations -- References -- Chapter 5 Coarse-Time Dilution of Precision -- 5.1 Overview-Horizontal Dilution of Precision, Accuracy, and 3GPP Standards -- 5.1.1 HDOP and Accuracy -- 5.2 Extra-State Theorem 1055.1.2 3GPP Standards and Real World Examples -- 5.1.3 Chapter Outline -- 5.2 Extra-State Theorem -- 5.2.1 Special Case of GDOP -- 5.2.2 Positive Definite and Semidefinite Matrices -- 5.2.3 General Case for Any DOP -- 5.2.4 Equivalence -- 5.2.5 Upper Bound -- 5.2.6 Consequences for 2D Navigation -- 5.3 Coarse-Time HDOP Examples -- 5.3.1 3GPP Standardized Scenarios -- 5.3.2 GPS Constellation (30 Satellites) -- 5.3.3 GNSS Constellation (60 Satellites) -- References -- Chapter 6 High Sensitivity: Indoor GPS -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.1.1 Chapter Outline -- 6.2 Standard GPS Receiver Architecture -- 6.3 Front-End Analysis.

6.3.1 Front-End Worksheet -- 6.3.2 Front-End Noise Figure -- 6.3.3 dBm and dB-Hz -- 6.3.4 Sky Noise and Simulator Noise -- 6.4 Correlation and Coherent Integration -- 6.4.1 Correlation and Ideal Coherent Integration -- 6.4.2 Implementation Losses -- 6.4.3 SNR Worksheet -- 6.5 High-Sensitivity Receiver Architecture -- 6.5.1 Counting Correlators -- 6.5.2 Correlator Size Versus Integration Time -- 6.6 Longer Coherent Integration Times -- 6.6.1 Data Bit Transitions and Data Wipe-Off -- 6.6.2 Data Bit Alignment -- 6.6.3 Maximum Frequency Error Versus Coherent-Integration Time -- 6.6.4 Maximum Velocity Versus Coherent-Integration Time -- 6.7 I,Q Squaring and Noncoherent Integration -- 6.7.1 I,Q Channels -- 6.7.2 RSS and Squaring Loss -- 6.7.3 Deriving the Squaring Loss Analytically -- 6.7.4 Evaluating the Squaring Loss Experimentally -- 6.7.5 Noncoherent Integration -- 6.8 High-Sensitivity SNR Worksheet -- 6.8.1 Coarse-Time Acquisition -- 6.8.2 Coherent Interval and Frequency Bins -- 6.8.3 Fine-Time Acquisition and Tracking -- 6.8.4 Detection Thresholds, PFA and PD -- 6.8.5 Achievable Sensitivity Plots -- 6.8.6 Sensitivity Versus Correlator Size -- 6.9 Other Sensitivity Considerations -- 6.9.1 Hardware and Software Approaches -- 6.9.2 Technology Evolution -- 6.9.3 Signal Strengths in Practice and Attenuation Through DifferentMaterials -- 6.9.4 Multipath and Pure Reflections -- 6.9.5 Cross Correlation -- 6.9.6 Testing the SNR Worksheet with Real Signals -- 6.10 High Sensitivity Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Generating Assistance Data -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.1.1 Chapter Outline -- 7.2 Reference Stations -- 7.3 Worldwide Reference Network -- 7.3.1 Public Reference Networks -- 7.3.2 Proprietary Commercial Reference Networks -- 7.3.3 Benefits of a Worldwide Reference Network -- 7.4 Initial Position in Assistance Data.

7.5 Handset-Generated, Peer-to-Peer Assistance -- 7.5.1 Time Synchronization -- 7.5.2 Orbit Data -- References -- Chapter 8 Ephemeris Extension, Long-Term Orbits -- 8.1 Overview: Assistance When There Is No Assistance -- 8.1.1 Chapter Outline -- 8.2 Generating Ephemeris Extensions -- 8.2.1 Using a Worldwide Reference Network-One Week of Orbits -- 8.2.2 Using a Worldwide Reference Network and Ephemeris Decoded at a Mobile Device-One Month of Orbits -- 8.2.3 Using Only Ephemeris Decoded at a Mobile Device-Daily Repeat of Orbits -- 8.2.4 Comparing Accuracy Metrics -- 8.2.5 Ephemeris Extension Accuracy Summary -- 8.2.6 Accuracy of First Fixes with Ephemeris Extensions -- 8.3 Enhanced Autonomous Using Ephemeris Extensions in Place of Full A-GPS Assistance -- 8.3.1 Computing Position from Doppler Measurements -- 8.3.2 Computing Position from a Mix of Doppler and Full Pseudorange Measurements -- 8.4 Integrity Monitoring-Dealing with Changes in Orbits and Clocks -- 8.4.1 NANUs -- 8.4.2 Monitoring Broadcast Ephemeris -- 8.4.3 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring-Integrity Monitoring in the Mobile Device -- References -- Chapter 9 Industry Standards and Government Mandates -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.1.1 Positioning Methods, Method Types, and Location Requests -- 9.1.2 Industry Standards Organization -- 9.1.3 Performance Standards -- 9.1.4 De Facto Standards: ME-PE, MEIF -- 9.1.5 Chapter Outline -- 9.2 3GPP Location Standards -- 9.2.1 GSM-RRLP Protocol Specification -- 9.2.2 UMTS-RRC Protocol Specification -- 9.2.3 Other Relevant 3GPP Standards -- 9.3 3GPP2 -- 9.4 OMA-SUPL -- 9.5 Minimum Operational Performance for A-GPS Handsets -- 9.5.1 3GPP -- 9.5.2 3GPP2 -- 9.6 Measurement Engine-Position Engine (ME-PE) -- 9.6.1 Background: Assistance Data Brings Complexity -- 9.6.2 ME-PE Architecture -- 9.6.3 Nokia ME Interface (MEIF) -- 9.6.4 Implementation of MEIF.

9.7 Government Mandates -- 9.7.1 E911-United States -- 9.7.2 E112-Europe -- 9.7.3 Japan -- 9.7.4 Other Countries -- References -- Chapter 10 Future A-GNSS -- 10.1 Overview -- 10.1.1 Chapter Outline -- 10.2 Serendipity and Intelligent Design in the Original GPS -- 10.2.1 One Millisecond, 1023 Chip, PRN Code -- 10.2.2 The Twenty Millisecond Data Bit Period -- 10.2.3 Continuous Reference Time (No Leap Seconds) -- 10.2.4 CDMA on the Same Frequency -- 10.2.5 Daily Repeating Ground Tracks -- 10.3 Future A-GNSS Features for TTFF, Sensitivity, and Accuracy -- 10.3.1 Fast TTFF -- 10.3.2 High Sensitivity -- 10.3.3 Accuracy -- References -- Appendix A Derivation of the Navigation Equations -- A.1 Overview -- A.2 Deriving the Navigation Equations from First Principles -- A.2.1 Deriving the Inner Product -- A.2.2 Analyzing the Linearization Error -- A.3 Deriving the Navigation Equations with Partial Derivatives -- A.4 Deriving the Coarse-Time Navigation Equations with Partial Derivatives -- A.5 Writing H in NED Coordinates -- Appendix B HDOP and Alternative Proof of Extra State Theorem -- B.1 Formal Definition of HDOP -- B.2 Alternative Proof of Extra State Theorem -- References -- Appendix C Decibel Review, Rayleigh andRice Distributions -- C.1 Decibel Review -- C.2 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions -- References -- Appendix D Almanacs -- D.1 GPS Almanac -- D.2 SBAS Almanac -- D.3 GLONASS Almanac -- D.4 Galileo Almanac -- D.5 Compass Almanac -- D.6 QZSS Almanac -- D.7 IRNSS Almanac -- References -- Appendix E Conversion Factors, Rules of Thumb, and Constants -- Glossary, Definitions, and Notation Conventions -- Glossary -- Navigation Variables and Notation -- Algebraic Conventions -- Variables -- Signal-Processing Variables and Notation -- Orbital Variables and Notation -- Ephemeris Orbital Parameters for GPS -- Clock Parameters for GPS -- About the Author.

Index.