Cover -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Maps -- 1.1 Legend -- 1.2 Scale -- 1.3 How to measure distances on a map -- 1.4 Geographic coordinate system -- 1.4.1 Geographic coordinates on maps -- 1.5 Map projections -- 1.5.1 Mercator projection -- 1.5.2 Lambert conformal conic projection -- 1.5.3 Universal transverse Mercator projection -- 1.5.4 Polar stereographic projection -- 1.6 UTM grid -- 1.6.1 UTM zones -- 1.6.2 Easting and northing in UTM grid -- 1.6.3 UTM grid on maps -- 1.6.4 Truncated grid numbers -- 1.7 UPS grid -- 1.7.1 UPS zones -- 1.7.2 Easting and northing in UPS grid -- 1.8 Map datums -- 1.8.1 Earth's shape -- 1.8.2 Horizontal datums -- 1.8.3 Vertical datums -- 1.9 Topographic maps -- 1.9.1 Definition of contour lines -- 1.9.2 Finding elevation of unlabeled contour line -- 1.9.3 Calculating slopes -- 1.9.4 How contour lines represent terrain features -- 1.9.5 How to interpret terrain on a map -- 1.10 Nautical charts -- 2. Compass -- 2.1 Earth's magnetic field -- 2.1.1 Magnetic field theory -- 2.1.2 Magnetic pole movement -- 2.2 How a compass works -- 2.3 Compass bearings -- 2.4 Magnetic declination -- 2.4.1 Magnetic declination theory -- 2.4.2 Estimating magnetic declination -- 2.4.3 Compensating for magnetic declination -- 2.5 Magnetic dip -- 2.6 Orienteering compasses -- 2.6.1 Taking a bearing off a map -- 2.6.2 Taking a field bearing -- 2.6.3 Following a compass bearing -- 2.6.4 Triangulating from a linear feature -- 2.6.5 Triangulating off multiple landmarks -- 2.7 Marine compass -- 2.7.1 Taking a bearing off a nautical chart -- 2.7.2 Taking a field bearing with a marine compass -- 2.7.3 Following a compass bearing on the water -- 2.8 Orienting a map or chart -- 2.8.1 By terrain association -- 2.8.2 With orienteering compass and grid lines.

2.8.3 With orienteering compass and declination diagram -- 2.8.4 With marine compass and compass rose -- 3. Altimeter -- 3.1 How altimeters work -- 3.2 Calibrating an altimeter -- 3.3 Factors affecting altimeter accuracy -- 3.4 Triangulating with altimeter and compass -- 3.5 Estimating your location by steepest slope -- 4. Global Positioning System -- 4.1 How GPS works -- 4.2 Causes of GPS position errors -- 4.3 Differential GPS (DGPS) -- 4.4 Space-based augmentation systems -- 4.5 GPS receivers -- 4.5.1 Signal gathering techniques -- 4.5.2 Features that can improve accuracy -- 4.6 Essential applications for GPS receivers -- 4.7 GPS receiver basic use -- 4.8 Entering waypoints into a GPS receiver -- 4.8.1 Manual transfer of waypoints from map to receiver -- 4.8.2 Electronic transfer of waypoints into GPS receiver -- 4.9 Zeroing-in on a waypoint -- 5. Celestial Navigation -- 5.1 Celestial coordinate system -- 5.2 The sun -- 5.2.1 Using a clock to find the sun's bearing -- 5.2.2 Stick shadow method -- 5.3 The moon -- 5.3.1 Estimating the moon's bearing -- 5.4 Stars -- 5.4.1 Finding north or south -- 5.4.2 Using stars to determine rough positions -- 5.4.3 Stars as direction finders -- 5.5 Sextant navigation -- 5.5.1 Underlying theory -- 5.5.2 How the sextant works -- 5.5.3 Taking a sight -- 5.5.4 Sextant calculations -- 6. Natural Navigation -- 6.1 Effects of sunlight -- 6.2 Effects of wind -- 6.3 Landforms -- 6.4 Ocean clues -- 6.5 Making a compass -- 6.6 Using thermometer to determine elevation -- 7. Emergency Communication -- 7.1 Emergency transmitters -- 7.1.1 ELTs and EPIRBs -- 7.1.2 Personal locator beacon (PLB) -- 7.2 Two-way radios -- 7.2.1 FRS radios (walkie-talkies) -- 7.2.2 VHF/UHF radios -- 7.2.3 HF radios -- 7.2.4 Cellular phones -- 7.2.5 Satellite phones -- 7.2.6 Miscellaneous wireless devices -- 7.3 Signaling systems -- 7.3.1 Flares.

7.3.2 Mirrors -- 7.3.3 Light signals -- 7.3.4 Fires -- 7.3.5 Acoustic devices -- 7.3.6 International ground signals -- 8. Practical Navigation -- 8.1 Terrain association - map only -- 8.2 Conventional map and compass navigation -- 8.3 Dead reckoning - no landmarks -- 8.3.1 Keeping track of bearings -- 8.3.2 Keeping track of distance -- 8.3.3 Detouring around obstacles -- 8.3.4 How to navigate with dead reckoning -- 8.4 Navigating with map, compass, and altimeter -- 8.5 Navigating with map, compass, and GPS -- 8.5.1 Navigating with pre-entered waypoints -- 8.5.2 Navigating without pre-entered waypoints -- 8.6 Navigating without maps -- 8.6.1 Navigating with nothing -- 8.6.2 Navigating with just a compass -- 8.6.3 Navigating with just a GPS receiver and compass -- 8.7 Real life navigation -- 8.8 Lost in the wilderness -- 8.8.1 Waiting for a rescue -- 8.8.2 Finding your way out -- 8.9 Rhumb lines and great circle routes -- 8.10 Route finding -- 9. Scenarios -- 9.1 Trail switchbacks -- 9.2 Multiple ski tracks -- 9.3 Shoreline travel direction -- 9.4 Mountain top triangulation -- 9.5 Hidden trail markers -- 9.6 Jungle camp -- 9.7 Ridge return -- 9.8 Desert traverse -- 9.9 River delta -- 9.10 Descent off mountain -- 9.11 Trail return -- 9.12 Return to highway -- 9.13 Large group -- 9.14 Disappearing trail -- 9.15 Whiteout -- 9.16 Trail from lake -- 9.17 No GPS signal -- 9.18 Back roads -- 9.19 Food stash -- 9.20 Antarctic ordeal -- 9.21 Polynesian journey -- Index.