Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Overview, and Future Policy Agenda -- Introduction -- Main Messages -- The Efficiency Rationale -- Measuring Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Progress on MDG3 at the Midpoint -- Progress on the Official MDG3 Target -- Progress on the MDG3 Plus Approach -- Public Policy to Promote Gender Equality -- Laws -- Institutions -- Policies -- Financing for Gender Equality -- Method -- Estimates -- Development Resources -- Notes -- References and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 2 The State of World Progress, 1990-2007 -- Introduction -- Measuring Gender Equality: Indexes Versus Indicators -- Progress on Gender Equality in Education, Health, Employment, and Political Participation -- Capabilities: Education -- Additional MDG3 Indicators: Education -- Additionality: Completion Rates Versus Enrollment Rates -- Capabilities: Health -- Access to Resources: Employment -- Additional MDG3 Indicators for Employment -- Additionality: New Indicators Versus Share in Nonagricultural Wage Employment -- Female Labor Force Participation and Empowerment -- Access to Resources: Political Participation -- The Usefulness of the Extended Indicators: Global Measures -- Country Performance -- Overall Performance: Official MDG3 Indicators -- Overall Performance: New Indicators -- Country Performance on Individual Indicators -- Conclusions -- Annex 2A: Scatter Plots for Country Scores on Individual Indicators -- Capabilities: Education -- Capabilities: Health -- Access to Resources and Opportunities: Employment -- Access to Resources and Opportunities: Political Participation -- Notes -- References and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 3 Indicators and Indexes of Gender Inequality: What Do They Measure and What Do They Miss? -- Introduction.

Conceptual and Measurement Issues Related to Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Domains of Measurement -- Data Issues -- Relative Versus Absolute Measures -- Relative Measures -- Absolute Measures -- Review of Indicators of Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Capability Indicators -- Education -- Health -- Indicators of Access to Resources and Opportunities -- Economic Opportunity -- Political Opportunity -- Indicators of Security and Empowerment -- Violence against Women -- Composite Indexes of Gender Inequality and Women's Empowerment -- The Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure -- New Composite Measures -- Indicators or Composite Indexes? -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: Indicators for Monitoring Gender Equality -- Education -- Ratio of Female to Male Net Enrollment Rate in Primary or Secondary Education (Gender Parity Index of Net Enrollment Rates) -- Ratio of Female to Male Gross Enrollment Rate in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Education (GPI of Gross Enrollment Rates) -- Ratio of Proportion of Males Starting Grade 1 Who Reach Grade 5 to Proportion of Females Starting Grade 1 Who Reach Grade 5 (GPI of the Survival Rate to Grade 5) -- Ratio of Male to Female Literacy Rates of the 15- to 24-Year-Old Population (GPI of Youth Literacy Rate) -- Health -- Maternal Mortality Ratio -- Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel -- Contraceptive Prevalence -- Unmet Need for Family Planning -- Adolescent Fertility Rate -- Age at First Marriage -- Work -- Ratio of Male to Female Labor Force Participation Rate (GPI of Labor Force Participation) -- Ratio of Male to Female Unemployment Rate (Unemployment GPI) -- Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Nonagricultural Sector -- Occupational Segregation -- Ratio of Women's to Men's Hourly Earnings or Average Earnings (Earnings GPI).

Political Participation -- Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliament -- Notes -- Reference and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 4 Monitoring Progress in Gender Equality in the Labor Market -- Introduction -- Trends in Occupational Segregation and Wage Gaps -- Segregation and the Duncan Index -- Trends in Sex Segregation: 1950s to 1980s and early 1990s -- Trends: 1980s to the Present -- Wages -- Impact of Removing Barriers Limiting Female Labor Force Participation -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex 4A Explanatory Tables -- Annex 4B: Data Description -- Annex 4C Gender Differences in School Enrollment Rates -- Notes -- References and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 5 The Financial Requirements of Achieving Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Introduction -- Conceptualization of Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Estimating Country-Level Costs of Attaining All MDGs -- Financing Interventions to Achieve Gender Equality in Education and to Provide Reproductive Health Services -- The UN Millennium Project Needs Assessment Approach -- Methodology for Costing Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment -- Classification of Interventions that Promote Gender Equality -- GE Interventions -- NTGE Interventions -- Apportioning the Costs for Gender Equality -- Gender-Equality Targeted Interventions (GE) -- Nontargeted Interventions that Promote Gender Equality (NTGE) -- Total Cost of Gender Equality -- Country-Level Results -- Estimating the Financing Gap for GE Interventions -- Estimating the MDG3 Financing Gap for Low-Income Countries -- A Fund for Gender-Equality Interventions -- Conclusion -- Annex 5A NTGE Interventions -- Education Interventions -- Female Teachers: A Special Case -- Health Interventions -- Nutrition -- Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria -- Health Systems -- Rural Development Interventions.

Infrastructure Interventions -- The Value of Alpha -- Annex 5B Assumptions Underlying the Coverage Targets and Cost Calculations -- MDG3-Specific Interventions -- Gender-Equality Mainstreaming Interventions -- Other MDG Sectors -- Annex 5C Country Data and Figures -- Notes -- References and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 6 What Money Can't Buy: Getting Implementation Right for MDG3 in South Asia -- Introduction -- The Human Development MDGs -- Health -- There are Large-scale Inefficiencies in Health Spending -- Outcomes Vary Considerably, Seemingly Having Little Connection with Allocations or Expenditures -- Often Even Well-Intended and Well-Funded Interventions Do Not Work -- Education -- Employment and Labor Force Participation -- Cross-Cutting Issues and Ways Forward -- Women's Poor Voice and Lack of Decision-Making Power -- Access to Assets and Property -- Demand and Ability to Access Markets and Services -- Policy and Gender-Equality Outcomes -- Conclusion -- Annex 6A -- Notes -- References and Other Resources -- CHAPTER 7 Policy Interventions to Meet the MDG3 Challenge in Developing Countries: Experiences from Mexico -- Introduction -- Identifying the Scope for Government Intervention -- Changing Market Outcomes -- Interventions for Modifying Day-to-Day Rules -- Modifying Legislation -- Changing the Way Social Programs Operate -- Tailoring Programs and Benefits to Women's and Girls' Needs -- Policies for Addressing the Challenge of Cultural Norms and Traditions -- How Much Discrimination Is There? -- The Economic Contribution of Women -- Women's Productivity -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Gender Mainstreaming: Making It Happen -- Introduction -- Background -- Definition -- Interpretations, Applications, and Results of Gender Mainstreaming -- What Works -- An Alternate Approach -- Moving Forward -- Conclusion -- Notes.

References -- Index -- Back Cover.