Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Detailed Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Treaty Enforcement in Domestic Courts: A Comparative Analysis -- I. Preliminary issues -- A. Domestic Courts as Transnational Actors -- B. Monism and Dualism -- II. An analysis of state practice -- A. Germany, Poland, and The Netherlands -- B. Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom -- C. India and South Africa -- D. Israel and the United States -- E. Russia -- III. The customary international law of remedies -- A. Views of International Judges and Experts -- B. State Practice and Opinio Juris -- C. Is There an Emerging Rule? -- 2 Does International Law Obligate States to Open Their National Courts to Persons for the Invocation of Treaty Norms That Protect or Benefit Persons? -- I. Introduction -- II. Invocation of treaty norms by individuals in national courts under general international law -- A. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties -- B. Customary International Law -- C. General Principles of International Law -- D. Views of Publicists -- III. Invocation of a treaty norm by individuals in national courts pursuant to an express treaty obligation -- IV. Invocation of a treaty norm by individuals in national courts pursuant to an implied treaty obligation -- V. When should a right to invoke the treaty in national courts not be implied in the treaty? -- VI. Evolving international law? -- A. Trends in International Law -- B. Concerns with the Emergence under General International Law of a Private Right to Invoke Treaties in National Courts -- VII. Conclusion -- 3 Australia -- I. Introduction -- II. The constitutional framework and international law -- A. The Judicial System -- B. The Constitution and Early Interpretation of International Law Matters -- C. Australian Courts and the Monism-Dualism Debate.

III. Treaties, the high court, and the external-affairs power -- IV. Judicial remedies and treaties in australian courts -- A. Judicial Remedies and Treaties Incorporated under Australian Law -- B. Judicial Remedies and Treaties Not Yet Incorporated under Australian Law -- C. Interpretation of Treaties by Australian Courts -- V. Treaty influences on australian courts -- A. Resolving Statutory Ambiguity by Reference to a Treaty -- B. Resolving Constitutional Ambiguity by Reference to a Treaty -- VI. Impact of treaties on australian law: the quasi incorporation of international law -- VII. Concluding remarks -- 4 Canada -- I. The status of treaties in canadian law -- A. Treaty Making Is an Executive Act -- B. Treaties Lack Direct Effect without Legislation -- C. Indirect Effects of Treaties -- II. Treaty interpretation in canadian courts -- A. The VCLT in Canada -- B. VCLT and Domestic Interpretive Rules -- C. Interpretation of Treaties in Light of International and Foreign Judicial Decisions -- D. Deference to the Executive in Treaty Matters -- E. Interpretive Significance of Treaties in Canadian Law -- F. Ambit of the Presumption -- G. The Presumption and Discretionary Decision Making -- H. The Presumption and the Charter -- III. Judicial remedies for breaches of treaty rights -- A. Remedies for Breaches of Implemented Treaty Rights -- B. Remedies for Breaches of Unimplemented Treaty Rights -- IV. Conclusion -- 5 Germany -- I. Introduction: international treaties and german practice -- II. Constitutional text and the role of domestic courts -- A. Treaties in the German Basic Law -- B. The Incorporation of Treaties in Domestic Law -- C. Treaties of Integration and the Special Role of Europe -- D. The Role of Domestic Courts -- III. Toward an international community of courts? the german bvg and its international interlocutors.

A. Between Dialogue and Confrontation: The German Courts and the ECJ after the Maastricht Case -- B. From Cooperation to Confrontation? The ECHR before German Courts -- C. From Ignorance to Implementation? German Courts and the ICJ -- IV. Democracy and the implementation of international law by domestic courts -- A. Maastricht and the Consequences: Limits to International Legal Integration -- B. Democracy versus International Treaties? Some Remarks on the Waldschlösschen Case -- V. Conclusion: toward pluralism? -- 6 India -- I. The status of treaties in the domestic legal system -- A. The Nature of the State -- B. Treaties Not Self-Executing -- II. The application of treaties -- A. Directive Principles of State Policy -- B. Treaties That Have Not Been Transformed into Municipal Law -- C. Treaties That Have Been Transformed into Municipal Law -- III. Domestic legal principles governing judicial remedies -- A. Violation of Treaty-Protected Rights -- B. Violation of Constitutionally Protected Rights -- C. Public-Interest Litigation -- IV. Conclusion -- 7 Israel -- I. The status of international law in the domestic legal system -- A. Introduction: The Constitutional and Legal System of Israel -- B. International Law in the Domestic Legal System -- C. Treaty-Making Power -- D. Incorporation Techniques -- E. The Occupied Territories -- II. International law in interpretation -- A. The Presumption of Compatibility -- B. Interpretation of Incorporating Legislation -- C. Adopting Executive Interpretation of Treaties -- D. Interpretation According to the Vienna Convention on Treaties -- E. Citing Nonincorporated Treaties and Decisions of International Courts and Decision-Making Bodies -- F. Remedies -- III. International law in cases relating to the occupied territories -- A. Distinction between Customary Law and Conventional Law.

B. Applying Geneva Convention IV De Facto -- C. International Law in Decisions on OT: Recent Trends -- 8 The Netherlands -- I. Introduction -- II. Some relevant aspects of international lawmaking -- III. Application of treaties: general aspects -- A. Validity -- B. Direct Effect -- C. Supremacy -- IV. Application of treaties by the legislature -- V. Application of treaties by the executive -- VI. Application of treaties by the courts -- A. Direct Effect before the Courts -- B. Invocation -- C. Consistent Interpretation -- D. Legal Consequences -- E. Special Legal Relationships -- VII. Treaty interpretation -- VIII. The impact of european law -- IX. Conclusions -- 9 Poland -- I. Status of treaties in the domestic legal system -- A. Introduction -- B. The 1997 Constitution: Position of International Law -- C. The 1997 Constitution: Position of Supranational Law -- II. Treaty interpretation -- A. Principles Embodied in the Vienna Convention -- B. Decisions of International Tribunals -- C. Decisions of Foreign Courts -- D. Interpretation Provided by the Executive Branch -- III. Treaty application -- A. Treaties and Rights for Private Parties -- B. Treaties and Judicial Remedies -- 10 Russian Federation -- I. Domestic regulation of treaties -- II. The judicial setting -- A. Supreme Court -- B. Supreme Arbitrazh Court -- III. The doctrinal setting -- IV. interaction with foreign and international courts and tribunals -- A. Awards of Russian International Arbitral Tribunals -- B. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judicial Decisions -- C. Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights -- D. Acts of Interstate International Organizations -- V. Conclusions -- 11 South Africa -- I. Introduction -- II. Monism and dualism -- III. The new legal order -- A. Self-Executing Treaties -- B. International Agreements or Treaties.

C. Statutory Interpretation with Special Reference to Human Rights -- D. Hierarchy: Some Concluding Remarks -- IV. Methods of interpretation -- A. The Vienna Convention -- B. International and Foreign Decisions as a Guide to Interpretation -- C. Deference to the Executive -- D. Rights for Private Parties Arising out of Treaties -- E. Treaties and the Interpretation of Statutes -- V. Treaties and judicial remedies -- VI. Conclusion -- 12 United Kingdom -- I. Introduction -- II. The status of treaties in the english legal system -- III. Interpretation of treaties by the english courts -- IV. Domestic legal principles governing private rights under treaties -- A. Express Provision in the Domestic Legislation by Which the Treaty Was Incorporated -- B. By Deduction from the Text of the Treaty That Is Attached to Domestic Legislation or Referred to in the Legislation -- C. When the Domestic Legislation Does Not Even Refer to the Treaty, by Deduction from the Terms of the Legislation -- D. When Asserting a Right under Common Law, or Even under Legislation, a Court Might Possibly Consider the Terms of an Unincorporated Treaty or an MOU -- V. Remedies -- VI. Conclusion -- 13 United States -- I. Introduction -- II. The status of treaties in the u.s. legal system -- A. The Constitutional Framework -- B. The Doctrine of Non-Self-Executing Treaties -- III. Selection of cases for review -- A. Identifying Supreme Court Cases -- B. Identifying Other Treaty Cases -- C. Creating the Final Database -- IV. Treaty application -- A. The Tools of U.S. Treaty Law -- B. Selective Application of Treaty Tools by U.S. Courts -- V. Treaty tools and case outcomes -- A. Overall Assessment -- B. Private Party Litigation versus Governmental Litigation -- C. Civil versus Criminal Cases -- VI. Conclusion -- 14 The Role of Domestic Courts in Treaty Enforcement -- I. Introduction.

II. Constitutional framework and international law.