Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- A. Trade measures on child labour -- I. The problem of child labour and the international community -- II. The trade and labour linkage -- 1. The current state of affairs -- 2. Different rationales for the linkage -- a) The fair trade/free trade debate -- b) The race to the bottom -- c) Human rights arguments/Coherence in international law -- d) Effectiveness arguments/Trade measures for human rights -- 3. Trade measures on child labour -- B. Contents -- C. Some definitions -- I. Trade sanctions and trade measures -- II. Effectiveness -- Chapter 1: The problem of child labour -- A. Introduction -- B. Defining child labour -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical and cultural perspectives of childhood -- 1. Changing historical attitudes -- 2. Diverging cultural attitudes -- III. The concept of child labour -- C. Forms of child labour -- I. Hazardous working conditions -- II. Domestic service -- III. Street children -- IV. The informal economy -- V. The unconditional worst forms of child labour -- 1. Child slavery -- 2. Trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation -- 3. Children in armed conflicts -- 4. Children in illicit activities -- D. Statistics: Distribution of child labour -- E. Causes of child labour -- I. Supply-side factors -- 1. Slow demographic transition -- 2. Migration -- 3. Poverty -- 4. The role of social protection -- 5. Education -- 6. Attitudes and poor law enforcement -- 7. Inadequate laws -- 8. Discrimination against minorities -- II. Demand-side factors -- 1. The nimble fingers and lower costs argument -- 2. The vulnerability of children -- 3. The role of technology -- F. Economic consequences of child labour -- G. Strategies for combating child labour -- I. Introduction.

II. Action against child labour -- 1. Legislation -- 2. Education -- 3. Further policy measures -- 4. International action -- H. Conclusion of Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2: The prohibition of child labour in international law -- A. Introduction -- B. UN conventions and protocols and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- I. The Slavery Convention -- 1. Wording -- 2. The definition of slavery -- 3. The definition of the slave trade -- II. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery -- 1. Wording -- 2. The definition of slavery and practices similar to slavery -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- III. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Art. 4 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- a) The definition of slavery -- b) The definition of servitude -- 3. The legal nature of the UDHR -- 4. Conclusion -- IV. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Art. 8 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- a) The definition of slavery -- b) The definition of servitude -- c) The definition of forced or compulsory labour -- d) Exceptions and exemptions -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- V. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Art. 24 (1) -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- VI. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Art. 10 (3) -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- VII. The Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 32 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- VIII. The Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 34 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion.

IX. The Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 35 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- X. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography -- XI. The Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 38 -- 1. Wording -- 2. Scope and content of the norm -- 3. State obligations -- 4. Conclusion -- XII. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts -- XIII. The scope of the prohibition of exploitative child labour under UN conventions, protocols and the UDHR -- 1. Scope and content of the norms -- 2. State obligations -- C. ILO conventions and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work -- I. Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour No. 29 -- 1. Scope and content of Convention No. 29 -- a) The definition of forced and compulsory labour -- b) Exemptions -- 2. State obligations -- 3. Conclusion -- II. Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour No. 105 -- 1. Scope and content of Convention No. 105 -- 2. State obligations -- 3. Conclusion -- III. Conventions concerning conditions of work and employment -- IV. Minimum Age Convention No. 138 and Recommendation No. 146 -- 1. Scope and content of Convention No. 138 -- a) The total abolition of child labour -- b) Fixing a minimum age -- c) Hazardous work -- d) Exceptions in Art. 6 and Art. 8 -- e) Light work -- 2. State obligations -- 3. Conclusion -- V. Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour No. 182 -- 1. Scope and content of Convention No. 182 -- a) The relationship to ILO Convention No. 138 -- b) The term 'child' -- c) The worst forms of child labour -- d) Determining hazardous work -- 2. State obligations -- 3. Conclusion.

VI. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work -- 1. Scope and content of the Declaration -- 2. The new approach taken by the Declaration -- 3. Conclusion -- VII. The scope of the prohibition of child labour under ILO conventions, recommendations and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work -- 1. Scope and content of the norms -- 2. State obligations -- 3. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work -- D. The protection from exploitative child labour as customary law -- E. The protection from exploitative child labour as a general principle of law -- F. The protection from exploitative child labour as ius cogens -- G. Conclusion of Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3: UN and ILO implementation mechanisms for the prohibition of child labour -- A. Introduction -- B. The UN human rights implementation mechanism -- I. Introduction -- II. The treaty-based system -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Implementation of the ICCPR -- a) The Human Rights Committee -- b) The reporting system -- c) Changes in law and practice -- d) The interstate complaints procedure -- e) The individual complaints procedure -- 3. Implementation of the ICESCR -- a) Overview of the implementation provisions of the ICESCR -- b) Principal activities of the Committee -- c) Changes in law and practice -- d) Complaints procedures -- 4. Implementation of the CRC -- a) Overview of the implementation provisions of the CRC -- b) Principal activities of the Committee -- c) Changes in law and practice -- 5. Evaluation of the treaty-based implementation mechanism -- III. Extra-conventional UN procedures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Human Rights Council -- 3. The universal periodic review -- 4. Special procedures -- 5. The complaint procedure -- 6. Promotional activities -- 7. Assessment -- IV. Conclusion -- C. The ILO implementation system.

I. Introduction -- II. The supervisory bodies -- III. The regular supervisory system -- 1. Reports on ratified conventions -- 2. Reports on non-ratified conventions -- 3. Examination of reports -- a) Reports of the Committee of Experts -- b) Discussion of reports by the Conference Committee -- 4. Cases of progress and concern -- a) Cases of progress -- b) Cases of concern -- c) Assessment -- 5. The interpretative authority of ILO bodies -- 6. Members' compliance with reporting obligations -- IV. The Follow-up under the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Annual reports -- a) In general -- b) Reporting details -- 3. The InFocus Programme -- 4. Global Reports -- 5. The promotional approach of the ILO Declaration -- 6. Conclusion -- V. The special procedures -- 1. Representations -- 2. The complaints procedure -- VI. Promotional activities -- 1. Technical assistance -- a) Overview -- b) IPEC - The international programme on the elimination of child labour -- 2. Direct contacts -- VII. Case study - Myanmar -- 1. Reporting obligations -- 2. The 1993 representation -- 3. The 1996 complaint under Art. 26 of the ILO Constitution -- a) The Commission of Inquiry -- b) Reactions by Myanmar and measures adopted by the ILO bodies -- c) The scope and content of Art. 33 of the ILO Constitution -- d) The legal nature of recommendations of the International Labour Conference -- e) Reaction by Myanmar and measures taken by ILO constituents -- f) The direct contacts procedure -- 4. Conclusion -- VIII. Evaluation of the ILO implementation system -- D. Conclusion of Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4: Trade measures on child labour -- A. Introduction -- B. Social clauses in regional and bilateral trade agreements -- I. Introduction -- II. US Free Trade Agreements -- 1. The NAALC -- a) Introduction -- b) Enforcement obligations.

c) Institutional framework and general provisions.