List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter One: Introduction -- 1. The Carolingian Renaissance -- 2. Elaborating the Reforms -- 3. Materials for the Carolingian Renaissance in Astronomy -- 4. Roman Astronomy in the Carolingian Renaissance -- Chapter Two: Macrobius's Commentary on Scipio's Dream: Its Carolingian Uses for Astronomy and Cosmology -- 1. Concentric Spheres as a Home for Matter and Spirit -- 2. The Sun and the Other Planets in Macrobius's World -- 3. Macrobius's Preference for a Platonic Order of the Planets -- 4. Dungal and the Carolingian Revision of Macrobius's Planetary Order -- 5. Macrobius: the Earth as the Center of Weight-the Rainfall Diagram -- 6. Macrobius and Dungal: Correspondence of Terrestrial and Celestial Zones -- 7. Did Dungal Choose the Additions to His Letter? -- 8. Macrobius: Planetary Effects on the Earth as Part of the Cosmic Order -- 9. Three Carolingian Excerpts from Macrobius -- 10. A Letter to Lord B -- 11. Extracts for Computus and in Commentaries on Bede -- 12. Macrobius's Offerings and Carolingian Selections -- Chapter Three: Pliny the Elder's Natural History: Encyclopedia for Carolingian Astronomy and Cosmology -- 1. Pliny's Astronomical and Cosmological Authority under Charlemagne -- 2. Plinian Astronomy in the Seven Book Computus (ca. 810-812) -- 3. Plinian Excerpts and Diagrams for Planetary Order and Intervals -- 4. Planetary Apsides according to Pliny in the Seven Book Computus -- 5. Planetary Latitudes according to Pliny in the Seven Book Computus -- 6. The Astronomical Perspective in the Three Book Computus -- 7. Plinian Astronomical Diagrams with the Cosmology of Macrobius -- 8. Doctrines of Celestial In? uence in the Natural History -- 9. Plinian Cosmology and Astrology among the Carolingians -- 10. Plinian Cosmology and Doctrines of the Winds.

11. Foretelling the Weather and Predicting Eclipses at the Time of Charlemagne -- 12. The Natural History in Carolingian Astronomy and Cosmology -- Chapter Four: Martianus Capella's Synopsis of Astronomy in The Marriage of Philology and Mercury and its Major Carolingian Commentaries -- 1. The Capellan Allegory: Its Rami? cations for Study of the Arts and Cosmology -- 2. Astronomy's Relations to Arithmetic and Geometry -- 3. Capellan Cosmology and its Carolingian Reception -- 4. The Framework of the Heavens and the Stars ( 817-849) -- 5. General Characteristics of Planetary Motion ( 850-856) -- 6. The Circumsolar Motions of Mercury and Venus ( 857) -- 7. Three Versions of Circumsolar Motion for Mercury and Venus ( 857) -- 8. The Two Great Luminaries: (a) the Moon ( 858-871) -- 9. The Two Great Luminaries: (b) the Sun ( 872-878) -- 10. The Two Inner Planets: Mercury and Venus Again ( 879-883) -- 11. The Three Outer Planets: Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn ( 884-887) -- 12. Conclusions -- Chapter Five: Using Calcidius's Commentarius in Carolingian Astronomy -- 1. The Paris Compend: the Earliest Use of Calcidius for Astronomy -- 2. Mid-Century Appearance of Calcidius: John the Scot -- 3. Explaining the Lengths of the Four Seasons: the Viewpoint of Computus -- 4. Macrobius and Martianus Capella on the Four Seasons -- 5. Carolingian Knowledge of Calcidius's Account -- Details of the Approach -- 6. The Diagrams in the Manuscripts and the Approach in Valenciennes 293 -- 7. Group 1 Diagrams: Corruptions or Misunderstandings in the Manuscript Tradition -- 8. Group 2 Diagrams: The Construction of an Alternative View -- 9. A Final Look at the Diagram in the Valenciennes Manuscript -- 10. Calcidius and Carolingian Astronomy -- Chapter Six: Carolingian Diagrams for Astronomy and Cosmology -- 1. Where and Why Were Diagrams Used?.

2. Which Diagrams Are Stable? -- 3. Diagrams and Pictures -- 4. Diagrams and Precise Meanings -- 5. Computistical, Cosmological, and Astronomical Diagrams -- 6. Word and Image: the Case for Diagrams -- Appendix: Content of the Paragraphs on Astronomy and Cosmology in Calcidius's Commentarius -- Bibliography -- Index.