Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Official Citations for Meeting Reports -- Legal Instruments Cited in this Book -- Part I: Science and Analysis -- I. Basics -- 1. Ozone Depletion -- A. The Ozone Layer -- B. The Destruction of the Ozone Layer -- C. The Future of the Ozone Layer -- 2. Climate Change -- A. Historical Greenhouse Gas Concentrations -- B. Increasing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations -- C. Future Temperature Predictions -- D. The Warming World -- II. The Constituents of the Problems -- 1. The Constituents of Ozone Depletion -- A. Chloro-fluorocarbons -- B. Halons -- C. Other fully halogenated CFCs -- D. Carbon tetrachloride -- E. Methyl Chloroform -- F. Hydro-chloro-fluoro Carbons -- G. Hydrobromofluorocarbons and Bromochloromethane -- H. Methyl bromide -- I. New Chemicals -- J. Overlapping Climate Change Gases -- 2. The Constituents of Climate Change -- A. Carbon Dioxide -- (i) Oceans -- (ii) Terrestrial Ecosystems -- (iii) Sources and Amounts of Anthropogenic Emissions of CO2 -- (iv) Two Views of Contribution: Sovereign and Per-capita Emissions -- B. Methane -- C. Nitrous Dioxide -- D. Overlapping Pollutants -- (i) Aerosols -- (ii) Ozone Depleting Substances -- 3. The Constituents of Air Pollution -- A. Sulphur Dioxide -- B. Suspended Particle Matter -- C. Oxides of Nitrogen -- D. Low-level Ozone -- E. Volatile Organic Carbons -- F. Carbon Monoxide -- G. Ammonia -- H. Lead -- I. The Transboundary Nature of Air Pollution -- III. Natural and Anthropogenic Influences -- 1. Ozone Depletion -- 2. Climate Change -- 3. Air Pollution -- IV. The Calculation of Pollutants -- 1. Cumulative Approaches -- 2. Pollution Potential -- 3. Reporting Considerations and Anomalies -- V. Impacts -- 1. Air Pollution -- A. Impacts upon Humans -- B. Impacts upon the Environment -- C. Impacts upon the Cultural Environment -- 2. Ozone Depletion.

A. Impacts upon Humans -- B. Impacts upon the Environment -- C. Impacts upon Materials -- 3. Climate Change -- A. Food -- B. Fresh Water -- C. Increases in Sea Levels and Coastal Stress -- D. Storms, Cyclones and Tornadoes -- E. Heat-waves and Disease -- F. The Impact Upon Specific Ecosystems -- (i) The Poles -- (ii) The Cryosphere -- (iii) Forests, Coral Reefs and Deserts -- (iv) Wildlife -- E. Climatic Surprise -- VI. Ecological Safety Limits -- 1. Critical Loads for Air Pollution -- 2. Chlorine Loading in the Ozone Layer -- 3. Ecological Limits and Climatic Change -- VII. Scientific Investigation -- 1. Air Pollution -- 2. Ozone Depletion -- A. The International Endeavour -- 3. Climatic Change -- A. The International Scientific Study into Climate Change -- VIII. The Precautionary Principle -- 1. The Air Pollution and Climate Change Regimes -- 2. The Ozone Regime and the Precautionary Principle -- Part II: Law -- IX. Restrictions in Pollutants -- 1. Ozone Depleting Substances -- A. The International Response to Ozone Depletion -- B. Targeted Restrictions on Ozone Depleting Substances -- (i) Chlorofluorocarbons -- (ii) Halons -- (iii) Methyl Chloroform & Carbon Tetrachloride -- (iv) Other Fully Halogenated Ozone Depleting Substances -- (v) Methyl Bromide -- (vi) Hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbons and other Transitional Substances -- (vi) New Chemicals -- C. Exceptions for Essential Uses of ODS -- (i) Exceptions for CFCs -- (ii) Exceptions for Halons -- (iii) Exceptions for Methyl Bromide -- D. Targets Within Overlapping International Organizations -- E. Promoting Technological Change within the Ozone Regime -- 2. Reductions in Greenhouse Gases -- A. The International Response to Climate Change -- B. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- C. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

D. Commitments for Developing Countries under the Kyoto Protocol -- E. Targets for Substances with Ozone Depleting and Global Warming Potential -- F. Overlapping International Organizations -- 3. Reductions in Air Pollutants -- A. Controlling Air Pollution -- B. The LRTAP Regime -- C. Outside of the LRTAP Regime -- D. Air Quality Standards -- E. Overlapping International Organizations -- F. Domestically Mobile Sources of Air Pollution -- 4. The Provision of Renewable, Efficient and Cleaner Energy -- A. Technological Choice -- B. Renewable Energy -- C. Energy Efficiency -- D. Fuel Switching -- 5. Base Years -- 6. Banking -- X. Compliance -- 1. The Ozone Regime -- A. The Committee -- B. The Process of Investigation -- C. Penalties -- D. Minor Difficulties -- E. Substantial Difficulties -- 2. The Air Pollution Regime -- A. The Implementation Committee of the LRTAP Regime -- B. Non-Compliance Within the LRTAP Regime -- 3. The Climate Change Regime -- A. Reporting Commitments -- B. Review -- C. Implementation -- D. Substantive Non-compliance -- XI. The Evolutionary Nature of the Instruments -- 1. The LRTAP and its Protocols -- 2. The Ozone Instruments -- 3. The Climate Change Regime -- XII. Financing the Regimes -- 1. Core Costs -- 2. Scientific Costs -- XIII. Country Groupings and Classifications -- 1. The Ozone Regime -- A. Developing Countries -- B. Countries in Economic Transition -- C. Developing Countries within the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol -- 2. The Air Pollution Regime -- 3. The Climate Change Regime -- A. Countries with Obligations to Control their Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- B. Countries in Economic Transition -- C. Developing Countries -- D. The Least Developed Countries -- E. Small Island States -- F. Countries with a Dependence on the Sale of Fossil Fuels -- XIV. Non-Governmental Organizations -- 1. NGOs in the Ozone Regime.

2. NGOs in the Climate Regime -- 3. NGOs in the Air Pollution Regime -- XV. Funding Assistance -- 1. Ozone Funding Considerations -- A. Financial Assistance under the Auspice of the Montreal Protocol -- B. The Size of the Fund -- C. The Generating Mechanism -- D. Incremental Costs and the Choice of Projects for Funding -- E. Composition of the Executive and the Role of Other International Organizations -- 2. Climate Funding -- A. Precedents and Evolution -- B. Size of the Various Funds and Generating Mechanisms -- C. Management of the Funds -- D. Funding Objectives -- (i) Article 4(1) and Capacity Building -- (ii) National Communications -- (iii) Adaptation to Climate Change -- (iv) Vulnerable Countries: The Least Developed Countries and Small Island States -- XVI. Technology Transfer -- 1. The LRTAP Regime -- 2. The Ozone Regime -- 3. Climate Change -- XVII. Flexibility Mechanisms -- 1. Joint Implementation -- A. The Air Pollution Regime -- B. The Ozone Regime -- C. The Climate Regime -- 2. Bubbling -- 3. The Clean Development Mechanism -- 4. Emission Trading -- A. The Precedents of Domestic Air Pollution -- B. Emissions Trading in Climate Change -- XVIII. Trade Related Issues -- 1. Air Pollution and Climate Concerns -- 2. The Ozone Experience -- A. Products Containing ODS -- B. Products Produced with, but not Containing ODS -- C. Non-Parties -- D. The Trade In Recycled ODS -- E. Illegally Traded ODS & The Licensing Solution -- Part III: Options -- XIX. Technological Efficiency and Change -- 1. Technological Change -- 2. Efficiency -- 3. Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances -- 4. Efficiency, Recycling and Destruction of Ozone Depleting Substances -- 5. New Energy Sources: Wind, Oceans, Solar and Nuclear -- 6. Substitution of Fuel Within Existing Energy Sources -- 7. Modification of Technology for Stationary Sources.

8. Modification or Change of Technology for Mobile Sources -- 9. Efficiencies that Reduce Air and Climate Pollutants -- XX. The Limits of Efficiencies and Change With Technological Options -- 1. Alternative New Energy Sources -- A. Nuclear -- B. Non-Nuclear New Energy Sources -- 2. Technological Limits for Air Pollution and Climate Change -- A. Stationary Sources -- B. Mobile Sources -- 3. Alternatives in the Ozone Regime -- XXII. Sinks -- 1. The Possibilities of Sinks -- A. Sequestration in the Ocean -- B. Sequestration On Land -- 2. Sinks Within the FCCC and Kyoto Protocol -- 3. Sinks in the post-Kyoto Context -- A. Commitment Periods -- B. Overall Claim Potential -- C. "Since 1990" -- D. Scientific Uncertainty -- E. Forestation & Deforestation -- F. Additional Activities -- G. LULUCF and the Flexibility Mechanisms -- Index.