The Contributors -- Chapter 1 Access to Environmental Justice: Some Introductory Perspectives (Andrew Harding) -- I. ORIGINS -- II. SOAS/A2EJ: AN OUTLINE -- III. SOAS/A2EJ: THE FINDINGS -- IV. THE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THIS BOOK -- (a) Ghana (Accra) -- (b) India (Bangalore) -- (c) Indonesia -- (d) Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) -- (e) Nepal -- (f) Pakistan (Karachi) -- (g) People's Republic of China -- (h) South West Pacific -- (i) Thailand -- (j) United Kingdom -- (k) United States -- V. FINALLY ... -- Chapter 2 Access to Environmental Justice in Ghana (Accra) (James S. Read) -- I. INTRODUCTION: GENERAL BACKGROUND -- (a) Accra: the growth of the city and its people -- (b) Accra: its economy in the national context -- (c) Environmental law in Ghana in historical perspective -- (d) Accra: an environmental crisis -- II. CONTEXT: GENERAL 'PARTICIPATION ENDOWMENTS' -- (a) Policy framework for citizen participation -- (b) The constitutional foundation for participation -- III. STRUCTURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING -- (a) National agencies and procedures -- (i) Ministry for Environment, Science and Technology -- (ii) National Development Planning -- (iii) Environmental Protection Agency -- (iv) Environmental Impact Assessment -- (v) Planning law -- (vi) Other legislation -- (vii) Judicial remedies -- (viii) Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice -- (b) Local agencies -- (i) Local government: structure and powers -- (ii) Local government in Accra -- (iii) Traditional authorities, local customary laws and indigenous culture -- (iv) Strengthening community management -- IV. THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS -- (a) CENCOSAD -- (b) La Mansaamo Kpee -- (c) Association of Vegetable Growers -- (d) Accra Sustainable Programme -- V. GATEWAYS TO PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: RIGHTS, DECISIONMAKING AND PROCESS -- (a) Water -- (b) Air -- (c) Land.

(i) Land tenure in Ghana -- (ii) Access to land in Accra -- (iii) Access to land: self-help as a gateway to law reform -- (d) Waste disposal -- VI. CONCLUSION -- Chapter 3 Access to Environmental Justice in India's Garden City (Bangalore) (Amanda Perry-Kessaris) -- I. AN ANATOMY ... OF PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY -- (a) Municipal Corporation -- (b) Development Authority -- (c) Industrial Areas Development Board -- (d) Specialist agencies -- II. ... OF LEGAL GATEWAYS -- (a) Criminal -- (b) Civil -- (c) Public -- III. ... OF OBSTACLES TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE -- (a) Morale and motivation -- (b) Scepticism -- (c) Democratic deficit -- IV. 'THE POLITICS OF BANGLAORE IS THE POLITICS OF REAL ESTATE' -- (a) Land use law and practice -- (i) Building and conversion of land use -- (ii) Compulsory acquisition of land for private companies -- (b) The Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor saga -- (i) Environmental clearances and public input -- (ii) Acquisition of land -- (iii) NICE as real estate agent -- (iv) Concessions -- (v) Challenging the notification process in the courts -- (vi) The future -- V. CONCLUSION -- Chapter 4 Access to Environmental Justice in Indonesia (Adriaan Bedner) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- (a) Environmental disputes in Indonesia -- (b) Environmental justice? -- II. LEGAL GATEWAYS TO ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE -- (a) Introduction -- (i) Principles -- (ii) The right to information -- (b) Civil litigation -- (i) Standing -- (ii) Limitation period -- (iii) The right to compensation -- (iv) Proving causation -- (v) Evidence of pollution or damage -- (vi) Strict liability -- (vii) Remedies -- (viii) Conclusion -- (b) Litigation against the state -- (i) Litigation in the Administrative Court -- (ii) Litigation against the police or the Public Prosecutor's Office -- III. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION -- (a) Legal framework -- (b) Getting started.

(c) Getting an agreement -- (d) Implementing the agreement -- (e) Conclusion -- IV. ACCESS TO LITIGATION AND MEDIATION AND FACTORS SHAPING THEIR EFFECTIVENESS -- (a) Economic conditions -- (b) Liberalisation -- (c) Decentralisation and democratisation -- (d) State control -- (e) The role of NGOs -- (f) The image of the judiciary -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 5 Access to Environmental Justice in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) (Andrew Harding and Azmi Sharom) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- III. STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING -- (a) Local Government -- (b) Planning and Development Control -- IV. THE JUDICIARY -- (a) Archaic rules of locus standi (standing) -- (b) Procedural barriers -- (c) Lack of development of planning law -- (d) Tort actions -- (i) Causation -- (ii) Limitation -- (iii) Expert evidence -- (iv) Costs and representation -- V. HUMAN RIGHTS -- VI. WATER POLLUTION -- VII. AIR POLLUTION -- VIII. SQUATTER COMMUNITIES -- (a) Land rights -- (b) Case study: Kampung Merbau Berdarah -- IX. LICENSING -- X. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- XI. GENERIC PROBLEMS -- XII. CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 6 Access to Environmental Justice in a Politically Unstable Environment: A Case Study of Nepal (Surya Subedi) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- (a) An EIA for All Major Development Projects -- (b) EIAG 1993 -- (c) Environment Protection Act 1997 -- (d) Environmental Protection Regulations 1997 -- III. ACCESS TO JUSTICE -- (a) Constitutional remedies -- (b) Remedies under the Environmental Protection Act 1997 -- (c) The Civil Code -- (d) The case law -- (e) Individual right of access to environmental information -- IV. CONCLUSION -- Chapter 7 Access to Environmental Justice: Karachi's Urban Poor and the Law (Martin Lau) -- I. INTRODUCTION: KARACHI AND ITS URBAN POOR -- (a) The setting.

(b) Master plans -- (c) The informal housing market -- (d) Case study: Rehmanabad -- (e) Regularisation -- II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK -- (a) Constitutional rights -- (b) Environmental laws -- (c) Environmental laws and the urban poor -- (d) Environmental litigation -- (e) Access to justice -- III. CONCLUSION -- Chapter 8 Towards a Greener China? Accessing Environmental Justice in the People's Republic of China (Michael Palmer) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION -- III. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK -- IV. SEEKING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE -- (a) Avoidance and force -- (b) Negotiation and mediation -- (c) Umpiring - administrative penalties -- (d) Umpiring - going to court -- (e) Umpiring - criminal justice -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 9 Access to Environmental Justice in the South West Pacific (Nicola Pain) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE SOUTH WEST PACIFIC -- (a) Regional environmental organisations -- (b) Environmental rights and customary ownership -- III. ACCESS TO JUSTICE: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF PARTICIPATION -- (a) Constitutional provisions -- (b) Procedural rights in national legal systems -- (c) NGO participation at the national level -- IV. PUBLIC INTEREST ENVIRONMENTAL LITIGATION -- (a) The nature of environmental court action at the national and local levels -- (b) Hurdles to public interest litigation -- (c) Environmental litigation in developing countries -- V. CASE STUDY: MINING IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA -- (a) The Constitution -- (b) Large-scale mining activity and environmental protection -- (i) Panguna -- (ii) Ok Tedi -- (c) Access to legal representation -- VI. CASE STUDY: FORESTRY IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS -- (a) Constitution -- (b) Environmental protection and sustainable development -- (c) Managing natural resources: local v national interest -- (d) Access to the law -- VII. CONCLUSION.

Chapter 10 Access to Environmental Justice and Public Participation in Thailand (Thawilwadee Bureekul) -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION -- (a) Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act 1992 -- (b) Official Information Act 1997 -- (c) The Constitution -- (i) The Government -- (ii) Local government organisations -- (iii) Traditional communities -- (iv) Non-governmental organisations -- (v) Citizens -- (d) Public Hearing Regulation 1996 -- IV. CASE STUDY: HIN KRUD POWER PLANT -- (a) The project -- (b) Public hearing activity -- (c) Conclusion -- V. MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION -- (a) Legislative factors -- (b) Government policy commitment -- (c) Culture -- (i) Problem awareness -- (ii) Compromise orientation and trust -- (iii) Public participation factors -- (iv) Access to Information -- VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Appendix: Chronology of the Hin Krud Project -- Chapter 11 Access to Environmental Justice in United Kingdom Law (Jean-Jacques Paradissis and Michael Purdue) -- I. ACCESS TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION -- (a) Public registers of environmental information -- (b) EC Directives 90/313 and 2003/4 and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004 -- (c) Freedom of Information Act 2000 -- II. LEGAL RIGHTS OF PUBLIC TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING -- (a) Public participation in environmental impact assessment -- (b) General rights of public participation in environmental decisionmaking -- (c) Public participation in policy and plan-making -- (d) Strategic environmental assessment -- (e) Public participation in the preparation of legislation -- III. ACCESS TO THE COURTS -- (a) Who can apply to the courts -- (b) The costs of legal proceedings -- (c) The substantive law and the need for an environmental court or tribunal -- IV. CONCLUSIONS.

Chapter 12 Access to Environmental Justice in the United States: Embracing Environmental and Social Concerns to Achieve Environmental Justice (J. Mijin Cha).