Phased Array Antennas -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Array Background -- 1.2 Systems Factors -- 1.3 Annotated Reference Sources -- 1.3.1 Adaptive Antenna Reference Books -- References -- 2 Basic Array Characteristics -- 2.1 Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays -- 2.1.1 Patterns -- 2.1.2 Beamwidth -- 2.1.3 Sidelobes -- 2.1.4 Grating Lobes -- 2.1.5 Bandwidth -- 2.2 Planar Arrays -- 2.2.1 Array Coordinates -- 2.2.2 Beamwidth -- 2.2.3 Grating Lobes: Rectangular Lattice -- 2.2.4 Grating Lobes: Hexagonal Lattice -- 2.3 Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes -- 2.3.1 Steering Increment -- 2.3.2 Steering Bandwidth -- 2.3.3 Time Delay Deployment -- 2.3.4 Phaser Quantization Lobes -- 2.3.5 Sub-array Quantization Lobes -- 2.3.6 QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays -- 2.4 Directivity -- 2.4.1 Linear Array Directivity -- 2.4.2 Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles -- 2.4.3 Directivity of Arrays of Resonant Elements -- 2.4.4 Planar Array Directivity -- References -- 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Pattern Formulations -- 3.1.2 Physics versus Mathematics -- 3.1.3 Taylor Narrow-Beam Design Principles -- 3.2 Dolph-Chebyshev Arrays -- 3.2.1 Half-Wave Spacing -- 3.2.2 Spacing Less Than Half-Wave -- 3.3 Taylor One-Parameter Distribution -- 3.3.1 One-Parameter Design -- 3.3.2 Bickmore-Spellmire Two-Parameter Distribution -- 3.4 Taylor N-Bar Aperture Distribution -- 3.5 Low-Sidelobe Distributions -- 3.5.1 Comparison of Distributions -- 3.5.2 Average Sidelobe Level -- 3.6 Villeneuve N-Bar Array Distribution -- 3.7 Difference Patterns -- 3.7.1 Canonical Patterns -- 3.7.2 Bayliss Patterns -- 3.7.3 Sum and Difference Optimization -- 3.7.4 Discrete Zolotarev Distributions -- 3.8 Sidelobe Envelope Shaping -- 3.9 Shaped Beam Synthesis -- 3.9.1 Woodward-Lawson Synthesis.

3.9.2 Elliott Synthesis -- 3.10 Thinned Arrays -- 3.10.1 Probabilistic Design -- 3.10.2 Space Tapering -- 3.10.3 Minimum Redundancy Arrays -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis -- 4.1 Circular Planar Arrays -- 4.1.1 Flat Plane Slot Arrays -- 4.1.2 Hansen One-Parameter Pattern -- 4.1.3 Taylor Circular Pattern -- 4.1.4 Circular Bayliss Difference Pattern -- 4.1.5 Difference Pattern Optimization -- 4.2 Noncircular Apertures -- 4.2.1 Two-Dimensional Optimization -- 4.2.2 Ring Sidelobe Synthesis -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Array Elements -- 5.1 Dipoles -- 5.1.1 Thin Dipoles -- 5.1.2 Bow-Tie and Open-Sleeve Dipoles -- 5.2 Waveguide Slots -- 5.2.1 Broad Wall Longitudinal Slots -- 5.2.2 Edge Slots -- 5.2.3 Stripline Slots -- 5.2.4 Open-End Waveguides -- 5.2.5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide -- 5.3 TEM Horns -- 5.3.1 Development of TEM Horns -- 5.3.2 Analysis and Design of Horns -- 5.3.3 TEM Horn Arrays -- 5.3.4 Millimeter Wave Antennas -- 5.4 Microstrip Patches and Dipoles -- 5.4.1 Transmission Line Model -- 5.4.2 Cavity and Other Models -- 5.4.3 Parasitic Patch Antennas -- 5.4.4 Balanced-Fed Patches -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Array Feeds -- 6.1 Series Feeds -- 6.1.1 Resonant Arrays -- 6.1.1.1 Impedance and Bandwidth -- 6.1.1.2 Resonant Slot Array Design -- 6.1.2 Traveling Wave Arrays -- 6.1.2.1 Frequency Squint and Single-Beam Condition -- 6.1.2.2 Calculation of Element Conductance -- 6.1.2.3 TW Slot Array Design -- 6.1.3 Frequency Scanning -- 6.1.4 Phaser Scanning -- 6.2 Shunt (Parallel) Feeds -- 6.2.1 Corporate Feeds -- 6.2.2 Distributed Arrays -- 6.3 Two-Dimensional Feeds -- 6.3.1 Fixed-Beam Arrays -- 6.3.2 Sequential Excitation Arrays -- 6.3.3 Electronic Scan in One Plane -- 6.3.4 Electronic Scan in Two Planes -- 6.4 Photonic Feed Systems -- 6.4.1 Fiber Optic Delay Feeds.

6.4.1.1 Binary Delay Lines -- 6.4.1.2 Acousto-Optical Switched Delay -- 6.4.1.3 Modulators and Photodetectors -- 6.4.2 Wavelength Division Fiber Delay -- 6.4.2.1 Dispersive Fiber Delay -- 6.4.2.2 Bragg Fiber Grating Delay -- 6.4.2.3 Traveling Wave Fiber Delay -- 6.4.3 Optical Delay -- 6.4.4 Optical Fourier Transform -- 6.5 Systematic Errors -- 6.5.1 Parallel Phasers -- 6.5.2 Series Phasers -- 6.5.3 Systematic Error Compensation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Mutual Coupling -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fundamentals of Scanning Arrays -- 7.2.1 Current Sheet Model -- 7.2.2 Free and Forced Excitations -- 7.2.3 Scan Impedance and Scan Element Pattern -- 7.2.3.1 Transmit versus Receive SEP -- 7.2.3.2 Measurement of Scan Impedance -- 7.2.4 Minimum Scattering Antennas -- 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling -- 7.3.1 Canonical Couplings -- 7.3.1.1 Dipole and Slot Mutual Impedance -- 7.3.1.2 Microstrip Patch Mutual Impedance -- 7.3.1.3 Horn Mutual Impedance -- 7.3.2 Impedance Matrix Solution -- 7.3.3 The Grating Lobe Series -- 7.4 Spectral Domain Approaches -- 7.4.1 Dipoles and Slots -- 7.4.2 Microstrip Patches -- 7.4.3 Printed Dipoles -- 7.4.4 Printed TEM Horns -- 7.4.5 Unit Cell Simulators -- 7.5 Scan Compensation and Blind Angles -- 7.5.1 Blind Angles -- 7.5.2 Scan Compensation -- 7.5.2.1 Coupling Reduction -- 7.5.2.2 Compensating Feed Networks -- 7.5.2.3 Multimode Elements -- 7.5.2.4 External Wave Filter -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Finite Arrays -- 8.1 Methods of Analysis -- 8.1.1 Overview -- 8.1.2 Finite-by-Infinite Arrays -- 8.2 Scan Performance of Small Arrays -- 8.3 Finite-by-Infinite Array Gibbsian Model -- 8.3.1 Salient Scan Impedance Characteristics -- 8.3.2 A Gibbsian Model for Finite Arrays -- References -- 9 Superdirective Arrays -- 9.1 Historical Notes -- 9.2 Maximum Array Directivity.

9.2.1 Broadside Directivity for Fixed Spacing -- 9.2.2 Directivity as Spacing Approaches Zero -- 9.2.3 Endfire Directivity -- 9.2.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances -- 9.3 Constrained Optimization -- 9.3.1 Dolph-Chebyshev Superdirectivity -- 9.3.2 Constraint on Q or Tolerances -- 9.4 Matching of Superdirective Arrays -- 9.4.1 Network Loss Magnification -- 9.4.2 HTS Arrays -- References -- 10 Multiple-Beam Antennas -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Beamformers -- 10.2.1 Networks -- 10.2.1.1 Power Divider BFN -- 10.2.1.2 Butler Matrix -- 10.2.1.3 Blass and Nolen Matrices -- 10.2.1.4 The 2D BFN -- 10.2.1.5 McFarland 2D Matrix -- 10.2.2 Lenses -- 10.2.2.1 Rotman Lens BFN -- 10.2.2.2 Bootlace Lenses -- 10.2.2.3 Dome Lenses -- 10.2.2.4 Other Lenses -- 10.2.3 Digital Beamforming -- 10.3 Low Sidelobes and Beam Interpolation -- 10.3.1 Low-Sidelobe Techniques -- 10.3.1.1 Interlaced Beams -- 10.3.1.2 Resistive Tapering -- 10.3.1.3 Lower Sidelobes via Lossy Networks -- 10.3.1.4 Beam Superposition -- 10.3.2 Beam Interpolation Circuits -- 10.4 Beam Orthogonality -- 10.4.1 Orthogonal Beams -- 10.4.1.1 Meaning of Orthogonality -- 10.4.1.2 Orthogonality of Distributions -- 10.4.1.3 Orthogonality of Arrays -- 10.4.2 Effects of Nonorthogonality -- 10.4.2.1 Efficiency Loss -- 10.4.2.2 Sidelobe Changes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Conformal Arrays -- 11.1 Scope -- 11.2 Ring Arrays -- 11.2.1 Continuous Ring Antenna -- 11.2.2 Discrete Ring Array -- 11.2.3 Beam Cophasal Excitation -- 11.3 Arrays on Cylinders -- 11.3.1 Slot Patterns -- 11.3.2 Array Pattern -- 11.3.2.1 Grating Lobes -- 11.3.2.2 Principal Sidelobes -- 11.3.2.3 Cylindrical Depolarization -- 11.3.3 Slot Mutual Admittance -- 11.3.3.1 Modal Series -- 11.3.3.2 Admittance Data -- 11.3.4 Scan Element Pattern -- 11.4 Sector Arrays on Cylinders -- 11.4.1 Patterns and Directivity.

11.4.2 Comparison of Planar and Sector Arrays -- 11.4.3 Ring and Cylindrical Array Hardware -- 11.5 Arrays on Cones and Spheres -- 11.5.1 Conical Arrays -- 11.5.1.1 Lattices on a Cone -- 11.5.1.2 Conical Depolarization and Coordinate Systems -- 11.5.1.3 Projective Synthesis -- 11.5.1.4 Patterns and Mutual Coupling -- 11.5.1.5 Conical Array Experiments -- 11.5.2 Spherical Arrays -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Connected Arrays -- 12.1 History of Connected Arrays -- 12.2 Connected Array Principles -- 12.3 Connected Dipole Currents -- 12.3.1 Simulation Results: Current Phases -- 12.3.2 Simulation Results: Current Amplitudes -- 12.3.3 Simulation Results: SEP -- 12.4 Connection by Reactance -- 12.5 Connected Array Extensions -- References -- 13 Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays -- 13.1 Reflectarrays -- 13.1.1 History of Reflectarrays -- 13.1.2 Geometric Design -- 13.1.3 Elements -- 13.1.4 Phasing of Elements -- 13.1.5 Bandwidth -- 13.1.6 Reflectarray Extensions -- 13.2 Retrodirective Arrays -- 13.2.1 History of Retrodirective Arrays -- 13.2.2 Recent Progress -- 13.2.3 Advanced Applications -- References -- 14 Reflectors with Arrays -- 14.1 Focal Plane Arrays -- 14.1.1 Focal Plane Fields and Coma -- 14.1.2 Recovering Coma Scan Loss -- 14.1.3 Coma Correction Limitations -- 14.2 Near-Field Electromagnetic Optics -- 14.2.1 Near-Field Cassegrain -- 14.2.1.1 System Trades and Restrictions -- 14.2.2 Near-Field Gregorian -- References -- 15 Measurements and Tolerances -- 15.1 Measurement of Low-Sidelobe Patterns -- 15.2 Array Diagnostics -- 15.3 Waveguide Simulators -- 15.4 Array Tolerances -- 15.4.1 Directivity Reduction and Average Sidelobe Level -- 15.4.2 Beam Pointing Error -- 15.4.3 Peak Sidelobes -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.