Care of People with Diabetes A Manual of Nursing Practice -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Example Forms and Instruction Sheets -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations and Symbols -- Chapter 1 Diagnosing and Classifying Diabetes -- Key points -- What is diabetes mellitus? -- Prevalence of diabetes -- Classification of diabetes -- Overview of normal glucose homeostasis -- The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents -- Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes -- Gestational diabetes -- Example Instruction Sheet 1: Preparation for an oral glucose tolerance test -- Screening for diabetes -- Preventing Type 2 diabetes -- Managing diabetes mellitus -- Aims of management -- Exercise/activity -- Diabetes education -- Complications of diabetes -- Cost of diabetes -- Aim and objectives of nursing care of people with diabetes -- References -- Chapter 2 Holistic Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, and Documentation -- Key points -- Rationale -- Holistic nursing -- Care models -- Characteristics of an holistic nursing history -- Nursing history -- Example health assessment chart -- Instruments to measure health status -- Documenting and charting patient care -- Nursing care plans -- Nursing responsibilities -- Documentation by people with diabetes -- References -- Chapter 3 Monitoring Diabetes Mellitus -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Monitoring 1: blood glucose -- Key points -- Blood glucose testing checklist -- Monitoring 2: urine glucose -- Key points -- Monitoring 3: additional assessment -- References -- Chapter 4 Nutrition, Obesity and Exercise -- Key points -- Rationale -- The importance of good nutrition -- Obesity -- Overview of the pathogenesis of obesity -- The significance of abdominal obesity -- Nutrition, obesity and stress -- Methods of measuring weight -- Managing obesity and diabetes.

Method of screening for dietary characteristics and problems -- Principles of dietary management for people with diabetes -- The Apple Report -- Dietary management: obesity -- Bariatric surgery -- Complementary weight loss programmes -- Factors associated with making dietary changes -- Nursing responsibilities -- References -- Chapter 5 Medicines Management -- Key points -- Introduction -- Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) -- Quality Use of Medicines and diabetes -- Oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) -- The incretin hormones -- When should insulin be initiated in Type 2 diabetes? -- Barriers to insulin therapy -- Some strategies to overcome the barriers -- Insulin therapy -- Types of insulin available -- Injection sites and administration -- Mixing short- and intermediate-acting insulins -- Commonly used insulin regimens -- Interpreting morning hyperglycaemia -- Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) -- Continuous blood glucose sensors -- Subcutaneous insulin sliding scales and top-up regimes -- Uses of insulin infusions -- Insulin allergy -- Transplants -- Stabilising diabetes -- Stabilisating diabetes in hospital -- Community and outpatient stabilisation -- Lipid lowering agents -- Monitoring lipid medicines -- Antihypertensive agents -- Antiplatelet agents -- Complementary cardiovascular medicines -- Medication safety and medication self-management -- Enhancing medication self-care -- Example protocol for outpatient stabilisation onto insulin -- References -- Chapter 6 Hypoglycaemia -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Definition of hypoglycaemia -- Recognising hypoglycaemia -- Counter-regulatory hormonal response to hypoglycaemia -- Causes of hypoglycaemia -- Hypoglycaemic unawareness -- Nocturnal hypoglycaemia -- Relative hypoglycaemia -- Medicine interactions -- Objectives of care -- Treatment -- Prolonged hypoglycaemia.

Patients most at risk of hypoglycaemia -- Psychological effects of hypoglycaemia -- Guidelines for administering glucagon -- Adverse reactions -- References -- Chapter 7 Hyperglycaemia, Acute Illness, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperosmolar Coma (HONK), and Lactic Acidosis -- Key points -- Rationale -- Prevention: proactively managing intercurrent illness -- Self-care during illness -- Hyperglycaemia -- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) -- Brittle diabetes and hyperglycaemia -- Euglycaemic DKA -- Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK) -- Presenting signs and symptoms -- Lactic acidosis -- Lactic acidosis associated with metformin -- References -- Chapter 8 Long-Term Complications of Diabetes -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of diabetes complications -- C ARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES -- Key points -- Rationale -- Medicines and cardiovascular disease -- Complementary medicines (CAM) -- Mental health and cardiovascular disease -- Nursing responsibilities -- Telephone coaching -- Cerebrovascular disease -- Signs and symptoms -- DIABETES AND EYE DISEASE -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Risk factors for retinopathy -- DIABETES AND RENAL DISEASE -- Key points -- Introduction -- Risk factors for renal disease -- Renal failure -- Renal disease and anaemia -- Diet and renal disease -- Renal disease and older people -- Kidney biopsy -- Renal dialysis -- Objectives of care -- Nursing responsibilities -- Commencing CAPD in patients on insulin -- Educating patient about CAPD -- Renal disease and herbal medicine (see also Chapter 19) -- PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY -- Peripheral -- Key points -- Introduction -- Vascular changes -- Infection -- Diabetic peripheral neuropathy -- Other pain management strategies -- Stages of peripheral neuropathy -- Risk factors for the development of foot problems inpeople with diabetes -- Objectives of care.

Nursing responsibilities -- Classification of foot ulcers -- Wound management -- Wound management techniques under study -- Rehabilitation -- Autonomic neuropathy -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Diagnosis and management -- Nursing care -- References -- Chapter 9 Management During Surgical and Investigative Procedures -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Aims of management -- Preoperative nursing care -- Major procedures -- Postoperative nursing responsibilities -- Minor procedures -- Emergency procedures -- Bariatric surgery -- Investigative procedures -- Key points -- Rationale -- The objectives of care -- General nursing management -- Complementary therapies and surgery and investigative procedures -- Preoperative phase -- Postoperative phase -- Implications for nursing care -- References -- Example Instruction Sheet 2(a): Instructions for diabetic patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents -- Example Instruction Sheet 2(b): Instructions for diabetic patients on insulin having procedures as outpatients under sedation or general anaesthesia -- Chapter 10 Managing Common Conditions Associated with Diabetes -- Key points -- Introduction -- ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION -- Aims of therapy -- Routes of administration -- Choice of formula -- Nursing responsibilities -- DIABETES AND CANCER -- Objectives of care -- Nursing responsibilities -- Managing corticosteroids in people with cancer -- Complementary therapies and cancer -- SMOKING, ALCOHOL, AND ILLEGAL DRUG USE -- Smoking -- Nicotine addiction -- Assisting the person to stop smoking -- Medications to support smoking cessation -- Alcohol addiction -- Illegal drug use -- Effects on diabetes -- Interactions with medicines -- Management issues -- BRITTLE DIABETES -- Introduction -- Management -- ORAL HEALTH AND DIABETES -- Introduction -- Causal mechanisms -- Management.

DIABETES AND LIVER DISEASE -- Introduction -- Managing people with diabetes and liver disease -- CAM medicines -- Haemochromatosis -- Iron overload -- Management -- DIABETIC MASTOPATHY -- Diagnosis -- Management -- DIABETES AND COELIAC DISEASE -- Signs and symptoms -- Management -- DIABETES AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES -- Management -- CORTICOSTEROID MEDICATIONS AND DIABETES -- Key points -- Introduction -- DIABETES AND DRIVING -- Prevalence of and risk factors for driving crashes -- Diabetes-related effects on driving -- Hypoglycaemia effects on driving -- Strategies to enhance driving safety -- Information for people with diabetes to help them drive safely -- References -- Chapter 11 Diabetes and Sexual Health -- Key points -- Rationale -- Sexual health -- Sexual development -- Sexual problems -- Possible causes of sexual difficulties and dysfunction -- Sexuality and older people -- Women -- Men -- Investigation and management -- Medication management -- Non-pharmacological therapy -- Complementary medicines for sexual problems (CAM) -- Involving partners in ED management -- Sexual counselling -- The PLISSIT model -- Role of the nurse -- References -- Chapter 12 Diabetes in Older People -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Determining functional status -- Cognitive impairment -- Depression and older people with diabetes -- Differentiating depression from dementia -- Managing diabetes in older people -- Management aims -- Factors that affect management decisions -- Guidelines for administering diabetes medicines with enteral feeds -- Education approaches -- Self-care -- Factors that can affect metabolic control -- References -- Chapter 13 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents -- Key points -- Rationale -- Introduction -- Managing children and adolescents with diabetes.

Aspects of care that apply to both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents.