Molecular Electronics From Principles to Practice -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Symbols and Abbreviations -- 1 Scope of Molecular Electronics -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONICS -- 1.3 MOLECULAR-SCALE ELECTRONICS -- 1.3.1 Evolution of Microelectronics -- 1.3.2 Moore's Laws -- 1.3.3 Beyond Moore -- 1.4 THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD -- 1.5 FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES -- 1.6 CONCLUSIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 2 Materials' Foundations -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE -- 2.2.1 Atomic Structure -- 2.2.2 Electrons in Atoms -- 2.2.3 Filling of Orbitals -- 2.2.4 The Periodic Table -- 2.3 CHEMICAL BONDING -- 2.3.1 Bonding Principles -- 2.3.2 Ionic Bond -- 2.3.3 Covalent Bond -- 2.3.4 Metallic Bonding -- 2.3.5 Van der Waals Bonding -- 2.3.6 Hydrogen Bonding -- 2.4 BONDING IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- 2.4.1 Hybridized Orbitals -- 2.4.2 Isomers -- 2.4.3 Double and Triple Bonds -- 2.5 CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS -- 2.5.1 States of Matter -- 2.5.2 Phase Changes and Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 2.5.3 The Crystal Lattice -- 2.5.4 Crystal Systems -- 2.5.5 Miller Indices -- 2.5.6 Distance Between Crystal Planes -- 2.5.7 Defects -- 2.5.8 Amorphous Solids -- 2.6 POLYMERS -- 2.6.1 Molecular Weight -- 2.6.2 Polymer Structure -- 2.6.3 Polymer Crystallinity -- 2.7 SOFT MATTER: EMULSIONS, FOAMS AND GELS -- 2.8 DIFFUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCE -- 3 Electrical Conductivity -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 CLASSICAL THEORY -- 3.2.1 Electrical Conductivity -- 3.2.2 Ohm's Law -- 3.2.3 Charge Carrier Mobility -- 3.2.4 Fermi Energy -- 3.3 ENERGY BANDS IN SOLIDS -- 3.3.1 Quantum Mechanical Foundations -- 3.3.2 Kronig-Penney Model -- 3.3.3 Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators -- 3.3.4 Electrons and Holes -- 3.3.5 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Conduction -- 3.3.6 Quantum Wells.

3.3.7 Disordered Semiconductors -- 3.3.8 Conductivity in Low-dimensional Solids -- 3.4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- 3.4.1 Band Structure -- 3.4.2 Doping -- 3.4.3 Solitons, Polarons and Bipolarons -- 3.4.4 Superconductivity -- 3.5 LOW-FREQUENCY CONDUCTIVITY -- 3.5.1 Electronic Versus Ionic Conductivity -- 3.5.2 Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling -- 3.5.3 Variable Range Hopping -- 3.5.4 Space-Charge Injection -- 3.5.5 Schottky and Poole-Frenkel Effects -- 3.6 CONDUCTIVITY AT HIGH FREQUENCIES -- 3.6.1 Complex Permittivity -- 3.6.2 Impedance Spectroscopy -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Optical Phenomena -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION -- 4.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX -- 4.3.1 Permittivity Tensor -- 4.3.2 Linear and Nonlinear Optics -- 4.4 INTERACTION OF EM RADIATION WITH ORGANIC MOLECULES -- 4.4.1 Absorption Processes -- 4.4.2 Aggregate Formation -- 4.4.3 Excitons -- 4.4.4 Effect of Electric Fields on Absorption -- 4.4.5 Emission Processes -- 4.4.6 Energy Transfer -- 4.5 TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION FROM INTERFACES -- 4.5.1 Laws of Reflection and Refraction -- 4.5.2 Fresnel Equations -- 4.5.3 Ellipsometry -- 4.5.4 Thin Films -- 4.6 WAVEGUIDING -- 4.7 SURFACE PLASMONS -- 4.7.1 The Evanescent Field -- 4.7.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance -- 4.8 PHOTONIC CRYSTALS -- 4.8.1 Subwavelength Optics -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Electroactive Organic Compounds -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 SELECTED TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY -- 5.2.1 Moles and Molecules -- 5.2.2 Acids and Bases -- 5.2.3 Ions -- 5.2.4 Solvents -- 5.2.5 Functional Groups -- 5.2.6 Aromatic Compounds -- 5.3 CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS -- 5.4 CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEXES -- 5.5 BUCKYBALLS AND NANOTUBES -- 5.5.1 Fullerenes -- 5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 5.6 PIEZOELECTRICITY, PYROELECTRICITY AND FERROELECTRICITY -- 5.6.1 Basic Principles -- 5.6.2 Organic Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Compounds.

5.7 MAGNETIC MATERIALS -- 5.7.1 Basic Principles -- 5.7.2 Organic Magnets -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Tools for Molecular Electronics -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 DIRECT IMAGING -- 6.2.1 Optical Microscopy -- 6.2.2 Electron Microscopy -- 6.3 X-RAY REFLECTION -- 6.3.1 Electron Density Profile -- 6.3.2 Kiessig Fringes -- 6.3.3 In-Plane Measurements -- 6.4 NEUTRON REFLECTION -- 6.5 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION -- 6.6 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY -- 6.6.1 Raman Scattering -- 6.7 SURFACE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES -- 6.8 SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPIES -- 6.9 FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Thin Film Processing and Device Fabrication -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 ESTABLISHED DEPOSITION METHODS -- 7.2.1 Spin-Coating -- 7.2.2 Physical Vapour Deposition -- 7.2.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition -- 7.2.4 Electrochemical Methods -- 7.2.5 Inkjet Printing -- 7.2.6 Sol-Gel Processing -- 7.2.7 Other Techniques -- 7.3 MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES -- 7.3.1 Langmuir-Blodgett Technique -- 7.3.2 Chemical Self-Assembly -- 7.3.3 Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Deposition -- 7.4 NANOFABRICATION -- 7.4.1 Photolithography -- 7.4.2 Nanometre Pattern Definition -- 7.4.3 Soft Lithography Techniques -- 7.4.4 Scanning Probe Manipulation -- 7.4.5 Dip-Pen Nanolithography -- 7.4.6 Other Methods -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 8 Liquid Crystals and Devices -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES -- 8.2.1 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals -- 8.2.2 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals -- 8.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS -- 8.4 DISPLAY DEVICES -- 8.4.1 Bifrefingence -- 8.4.2 Freedericksz Transition -- 8.4.3 Twisted Nematic Display -- 8.4.4 Passive and Active Addressing -- 8.4.5 Full-Colour Displays -- 8.4.6 Super-Twisted Nematic Display -- 8.5 FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALS -- 8.6 POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS -- 8.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL LENSES -- 8.8 OTHER APPLICATION AREAS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES.

9 Plastic Electronics -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 ORGANIC DIODES -- 9.2.1 Schottky Diode -- 9.2.2 Ohmic Contacts -- 9.3 METAL-INSULATOR-SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURES -- 9.3.1 Idealized MIS Devices -- 9.3.2 Organic MIS Structures -- 9.4 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS -- 9.5 INTEGRATED ORGANIC CIRCUITS -- 9.5.1 Radiofrequency Identification Tags -- 9.6 ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DISPLAYS -- 9.6.1 Device Efficiency -- 9.6.2 Methods of Efficiency Improvement -- 9.6.3 Full-Colour Displays -- 9.6.4 Electronic Paper -- 9.7 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS -- 9.7.1 Organic Semiconductor Solar Cell -- 9.7.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell -- 9.7.3 Luminescent Concentrator -- 9.8 OTHER APPLICATION AREAS -- 9.8.1 Conductive Coatings -- 9.8.2 Batteries and Fuel Cells -- 9.8.3 Xerography -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 10 Chemical Sensors and Actuators -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 SENSING SYSTEMS -- 10.3 DEFINITIONS -- 10.4 CHEMICAL SENSORS -- 10.4.1 Calorimetric Gas Sensors -- 10.4.2 Electrochemical Cells -- 10.4.3 Resistive Gas Sensors -- 10.4.4 Dielectric Sensors -- 10.4.5 Acoustic Devices -- 10.4.6 Optical Sensors -- 10.5 BIOLOGICAL OLFACTION -- 10.6 ELECTRONIC NOSES -- 10.7 PHYSICAL SENSORS AND ACTUATORS -- 10.7.1 Touch Sensors -- 10.7.2 Polymer Actuators -- 10.7.3 Lab-on-a-Chip -- 10.8 SMART TEXTILES AND CLOTHING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 11 Molecular-Scale Electronics -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 NANOSYSTEMS -- 11.2.1 Scaling Laws -- 11.2.2 Interatomic Forces -- 11.3 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL -- 11.3.1 Polar Materials -- 11.3.2 Nonlinear Optical Materials -- 11.3.3 Photonic Crystals -- 11.4 MOLECULAR DEVICE ARCHITECTURES -- 11.5 MOLECULAR RECTIFICATION -- 11.6 ELECTRONIC SWITCHING AND MEMORY DEVICES -- 11.6.1 Resistive Bistable Devices -- 11.6.2 Flash Memories -- 11.6.3 Spintronics -- 11.6.4 Three-Dimensional Architectures -- 11.7 SINGLE-ELECTRON DEVICES.

11.8 OPTICAL AND CHEMICAL SWITCHES -- 11.8.1 Fluorescence Switching -- 11.8.2 Photochromic Systems -- 11.8.3 Chemical Control -- 11.9 NANOMAGNETIC SYSTEMS -- 11.10 NANOTUBE ELECTRONICS -- 11.11 MOLECULAR ACTUATION -- 11.11.1 Dynamically Controllable Surfaces -- 11.11.2 Rotaxanes -- 11.11.3 Optical Tweezers -- 11.12 LOGIC CIRCUITS -- 11.13 COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES -- 11.14 QUANTUM COMPUTING -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- 12 Bioelectronics -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS -- 12.2.1 Amino Acids and Peptides -- 12.2.2 Proteins -- 12.2.3 Enzymes -- 12.2.4 Carbohydrates -- 12.2.5 Lipids -- 12.3 NUCLEOTIDES -- 12.3.1 Bases -- 12.3.2 DNA -- 12.3.3 RNA -- 12.3.4 ATP, ADP -- 12.4 CELLS -- 12.5 GENETIC CODING -- 12.5.1 Replication, Transcription and Translation -- 12.6 THE BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE -- 12.6.1 Transport Across the Membrane -- 12.7 NEURONS -- 12.8 BIOSENSORS -- 12.8.1 Biocatalytic Sensors -- 12.8.2 Bioaffinity Sensors -- 12.9 DNA ELECTRONICS -- 12.10 PHOTOBIOLOGY -- 12.10.1 Bacteriorhodopsin -- 12.10.2 Photosynthesis -- 12.11 MOLECULAR MOTORS -- 12.11.1 Nature's Motors -- 12.11.2 Artificial Motors -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- REFERENCES -- Index.