Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- PART I: Evolution of Populations and Species -- 1 Chemical Mediation of Host-Plant Specialization: The Papilionid Paradigm -- How Lepidopterans Prefer -- How Lepidopteran Larvae Perform -- Preference-Performance Relationships in Lepidoptera -- Chemical Mediation of Preference and Performance: Papilionids as Paradigm -- Identifying the Chemical Cues: Kairomones and Allomones -- Preference and Performance Genes -- P450s and Host-Use Evolution -- Conclusions -- 2 Evolution of Preference and Performance Relationships -- Limiting Constraints -- Preference and Performance in Three Well-Studied Interactions -- Alternative Hypotheses -- Testing Hypotheses on Preference and Performance -- Conclusion -- 3 Evolutionary Ecology of Polyphagy -- General Explanations for Host Specificity -- What about Polyphagy? -- Trade-offs as Explanations for Host-Plant Use -- Testing Theory with Polyphagous Woolly Bear Caterpillars -- Conclusions -- 4 Phenotypic Plasticity -- Adaptive Value and Costs of Phenotypic Plasticity -- The Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity -- Future Directions -- 5 Selection and Genetic Architecture of Plant Resistance -- Selection on Resistance within Populations -- Genetic Architecture of Resistance Traits between Populations and Species -- Architecture of Resistance in a Willow Hybrid System -- Summary -- 6 Introgression and Parapatric Speciation in a Hybrid Zone -- Hybrid Zones, "Evolutionary Novelties," and Isolation -- Climate Warming, Thermal Constraints, and Voltinism -- The Tiger Swallowtail Butterflies -- Hybrid Papilio Populations and Species -- The Nuts and Bolts -- Molecular Work -- Future Efforts -- Summary -- 7 Host Shifts, the Evolution of Communication, and Speciation in the Enchenopa binotata Species Complex of Treehoppers -- Ecological Isolation in the E. binotata Complex.

Behavioral Sources of Assortative Mating -- Communication in a New Host Environment -- Summary -- 8 Host Fruit-Odor Discrimination and Sympatric Host-Race Formation -- The Adaptive Zone Hypothesis -- Ecological Adaptation, Host-Specific Mating, and Reproductive Isolation -- Tom Wood and Ron Prokopy: Two Pioneers in the Study of Insect Behavior and Diversity -- Natural and Life History of Rhagoletis pomonella -- Behavioral Testing Using Synthetic Fruit Volatile Blends -- Genetic Analysis of Fruit-Odor Discrimination -- Physiological Basis for Fruit-Odor Discrimination -- A Genetic Model for Fruit-Odor Discrimination -- Theoretical Significance of the Fruit-Odor Discrimination Studies -- Future Directions and Conclusions -- Appendix: The Four-Component Genetic Model for Fruit-Odor Discrimination -- 9 Comparative Analyses of Ecological Speciation -- Ecological Speciation -- Herbivorous Insect Exemplars -- Comparative Approaches and Ecological Speciation -- Herbivore Analyses and Insights -- Comparative Caveats -- Opportunities and Directions -- 10 Sympatric Speciation: Norm or Exception? -- Theory -- Biological Considerations -- Evidence on Sympatric Speciation -- The Allopatric Alternative -- Conclusions -- PART II: Co- and Macroevolutionary Radiation -- 11 Host-Plant Use, Diversification, and Coevolution: Insights from Remote Oceanic Islands -- Islands as a Model System -- Lessons from Island Systems -- Conclusions -- 12 Selection by Pollinators and Herbivores on Attraction and Defense -- Selection by Pollinators on Plant Resistance -- Selection by Herbivores on Floral Traits -- Resistance and Attractions Traits May Not Be Independent -- Herbivores and Pollinators May Not Be Independent -- Abiotic Factors and Geographic Variation -- Future Directions -- 13 Adaptive Radiation: Phylogenetic Constraints and Ecological Consequences.

The Phylogenetic Constraints Hypothesis -- Adaptive Capture and Escape -- The Adaptive Radiation of Common Sawflies -- Convergence of Constraints -- Divergent Constraints -- The Similarities of Temperate and Tropical Insect Herbivores -- Adaptive Radiation in Temperate and Tropical Environments -- 14 Sequential Radiation through Host-Race Formation: Herbivore Diversity Leads to Diversity in Natural Enemies -- Species Cause Species: Sympatric Speciation through Host-Race Formation -- Sequential Radiation -- Conditions for Host-Race Formation -- Cases of Sequential Radiation via Host-Race Formation -- Example Showing No Differentiation -- Conclusions -- Sympatric Speciation Studies -- 15 The Oscillation Hypothesis of Host-Plant Range and Speciation -- The Oscillation Hypothesis -- Colonizations and Host-Range Expansions -- Synthesis: Speciation Rate -- Conclusion -- 16 Coevolution, Cryptic Speciation, and the Persistence of Interactions -- A Blending of Perspectives: Populations, Species, and Species Interactions -- Cryptic Speciation in Insects -- Cryptic Speciation in Plants and Its Effect on Interactions with Insects -- Implications -- 17 Cophylogeny of Figs, Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids -- Background -- Overview -- Sampling and DNA Sequencing -- Phylogenetic Analysis -- Reconciliation Analysis -- Phylogenies of Figs and Wasps -- Host Specificity of Nonpollinating Fig Wasps -- Double Dating of Figs and Fig Wasps -- Modes of Speciation in Fig Pollinators, Gallers, and Parasitoids -- Conclusions -- 18 The Phylogenetic Dimension of Insect-Plant Interactions: A Review of Recent Evidence -- Conservatism of Host-Plant Use -- Signatures of Long-Term History in Extant Insect-Plant Interactions -- Diversification of Phytophagous Insects -- Synopsis and Conclusions -- PART III: Evolutionary Aspects of Pests, Invasive Species, and the Environment.

19 Evolution of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Plants -- Transgenic Crops with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Toxins -- Bt Toxins and Their Mode of Action -- Genetic Basis of Resistance to Bt Toxins -- The Refuge Strategy for Delaying Pest Resistance to Bt Crops -- Pink Bollworm versus Bt Cotton in Arizona -- Conclusions and a Look to the Future -- 20 Exotic Plants and Enemy Resistance -- Rapid Evolution of Exotics in Response of Enemy Pressure -- Exotics as Substrates for Studying the Evolutionary Response of Plants to Natural Enemies -- Hypotheses and Evidence for Plant Defenses -- Experimental Evidence for Evolution of Exotic Plant Defense -- Response of St. John's Wort to an Altered Enemy Landscape -- Among-Population Variation in Enemy Resistance -- Are Differences in Exotic and Native Phenotypes the Product of Evolution? -- Conclusions -- 21 Life-History Evolution in Native and Introduced Populations -- Life-History Strategy and Dispersal Ecology of Prokelisia Planthoppers -- Geographic Distribution of the Insect and Host -- Geographic Source of Introduced Populations -- Genetic Variation in Native and Introduced Populations -- Variation in Dispersal, Associated Reproductive Traits, and Voltinism -- Genetic Basis for Geographic Variation in the Incidence of Dispersal -- Habitat Factors Underlying Geographic Variation in Dispersal -- Conclusions and Synthesis -- 22 Rapid Natural and Anthropogenic Diet Evolution: Three Examples from Checkerspot Butterflies -- Checkerspot Butterflies as a Study System -- First Host Shift, at Schneider's Meadow -- Second Host Shift, at Rabbit Meadow -- Third Host shift, at Sonora Junction -- Types of Anthropogenic Effect -- Cryptically Anthropogenic Effects -- Conclusions -- 23 Conservation of Coevolved Insect Herbivores and Plants -- Habitat Destruction -- Species Introductions -- Changes in Disturbance Regimes.

Climate Change -- Complex Interactions: Conservation Implications -- Conclusion -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.