Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Evolution and phylogeny -- 1.2 The life cycle -- Chapter 2: Thermoregulation -- 2.1 Warming up -- 2.2 Controlling heat loss -- 2.3 Thermoregulation of the nest -- Chapter 3: Social Organization and Conflict -- 3.1 Caste determination -- 3.2 Division of labour -- 3.3 Sex determination -- 3.4 Control of reproduction and queen-worker conflicts -- 3.4.1 Timing of reproduction -- 3.4.2 Matricide -- 3.5 Sex ratios in 'true' bumblebees -- 3.6 Sex ratios in Psithyrus -- Chapter 4: Finding a Mate -- 4.1 Territoriality -- 4.2 Nest surveillance -- 4.3 Hilltopping -- 4.4 Scent-marking and patrolling -- 4.5 Inbreeding avoidance -- 4.6 Evolution of male mate-location behaviour -- 4.7 Queen-produced sex attractants -- 4.8 Monogamy versus polyandry -- Chapter 5: Natural Enemies -- 5.1 True predators -- 5.2 Parasitoids -- 5.2.1 Conopidae (Diptera) -- 5.2.2 Sarcophagidae (Diptera) -- 5.2.3 Braconidae (Hymenoptera) -- 5.2.4 Mutilidae (Hymenoptera) -- 5.3 Parasites and commensals -- 5.3.1 Viruses -- 5.3.2 Prokaryotes (Bacteria and others) -- 5.3.3 Fungi -- 5.3.4 Protozoa -- 5.3.5 Nematodes -- 5.3.6 Mites (Acarina) -- 5.3.7 Other commensals -- 5.4 The immune system of bumblebees -- 5.5 Social parasitism -- 5.5.1 Nest usurpation -- 5.5.2 Social parasitism by drifting workers -- 5.5.3 Cuckoo bees (Psithyrus) -- Chapter 6: Foraging Economics -- 6.1 Foraging range -- 6.1.1 Measuring foraging range -- 6.1.2 Do bumblebees forage close to their nests? -- 6.1.3 Differences between bumblebee species -- 6.1.4 Management implications -- Chapter 7: Exploitation of Patchy Resources -- 7.1 The ideal free distribution -- 7.1.1 Search patterns within patches -- 7.1.2 Non-random choice of patches -- 7.2 The marginal value theorem -- Chapter 8: Choice of Flower Species -- 8.1 Learning and flower constancy.

8.1.1 Explanations for flower constancy -- 8.1.2 Can flowers be cryptic? -- 8.2 Infidelity in flower choice -- 8.3 Variation in learning ability -- 8.4 Coping with deceptive unrewarding flowers -- 8.5 The influence of pollen quality on flower choice -- Chapter 9: Intraspecific Floral Choices -- 9.1 Direct detection of rewards -- 9.2 Flower size -- 9.3 Flower age -- 9.4 Flower sex -- 9.5 Flower symmetry -- 9.6 Floral scent -- 9.7 Thermal rewards -- 9.8 Motivation and choosiness -- Chapter 10: Foraging Cues Gained from Other Bees -- 10.1 Communication in the nest -- 10.2 Visual responses to other bees on flowers -- 10.3 Scent marking of flowers -- 10.3.1 Repellent versus attractant marks -- 10.3.2 The evolution of scent marking -- Chapter 11: Competition and Niche Differentiation in Bumblebee Communities -- Chapter 12: Bumblebees as Pollinators -- 12.1 Pollination of crops -- 12.1.1 Honeybees versus bumblebees -- 12.1.2 Approaches to enhancing bumblebee pollination -- 12.2 Pollination of wild flowers -- 12.2.1 Nectar robbing -- Chapter 13: Conservation -- 13.1 Causes of declining bumblebee numbers -- 13.1.1 Loss of habitat -- 13.1.2 Pesticides -- 13.1.3 Impacts of non-native bees and commercial beekeeping -- 13.1.4 Population structure and habitat fragmentation -- 13.1.5 Do bumblebees suffer from inbreeding depression? -- 13.2 Why are some bumblebee species still abundant? -- 13.3 Consequences of declining bumblebee numbers -- 13.4 Conservation strategies -- 13.4.1 Enhancing bumblebee diversity in farmland -- 13.4.2 The importance of urban areas -- 13.4.3 Translocations and reintroductions -- 13.5 Summary -- Chapter 14: Bumblebees Abroad: Effects of Introduced Bees -- 14.1 Competition with native organisms for floral resources -- 14.1.1 Effects on foraging of native organisms -- 14.1.2 Evidence for population-level changes in native organisms.

14.2 Competition for nest sites -- 14.3 Introgression with native bees -- 14.4 Transmission of parasites or pathogens to native organisms -- 14.5 Effects on pollination of native flora -- 14.6 Pollination of exotic weeds -- 14.7 Summary and conclusions -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y.