Front Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Key Features -- Body Fluid Balance -- Blood volume -- ECF 'reservoir' -- General principles of fluid balance -- Electrolyte solutions -- Concentration -- Osmolal concentration: osmolarity versus osmolality -- Fluid exchange -- Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure -- Tonicity -- Plasma-colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure -- Regulation of body fluid balance -- ECF volume and NaCl balance -- Renal sympathetic nerves -- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system -- Natriuretic peptides -- Hyponatraemia -- Hypernatraemia -- Water balance -- Anti-diuretic hormone -- Thirst system -- Potassium balance -- Regulation of ECF [K+] -- Integrative case study -- Diagnosis? -- Aetiology? -- Further investigations? -- Management? -- Self-assessment -- Questions: -- Body fluid distribution -- General principles of fluid balance -- Regulation of body fluid balance -- Answers: -- Principles of acids and bases -- Dissociation (ionisation) -- Chemical buffers -- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation -- Acid-Base Balance -- Regulation of acid-base balance -- 1. Chemical buffer systems - first line response -- Carbonic acid:bicarbonate buffer system -- Phosphate buffer system -- 2. Respiratory compensation - second line response -- 3. Renal (metabolic) compensation - third line response -- Hydrogen ion regulation -- Bicarbonate ion regulation -- Ammonium ion regulation -- Acid-base disorders -- Respiratory acidosis -- Respiratory alkalosis -- Metabolic acidosis -- Metabolic alkalosis -- integrative case study -- Diagnosis? -- Further investigation? -- Management? -- Self-assessment -- Questions: -- Regulation of acid-base balance -- Acid-base disorders -- Answers: -- Gross anatomy -- Kidneys -- Renal medulla -- Structure of the Renal System -- Renal cortex -- Renal fascia.

Renal vasculature -- Arterial supply -- Venous drainage -- Renal innervation -- Renal lymphatics -- Ureters -- Innervation -- Lymphatic drainage -- Adrenal glands -- Blood supply -- Nerve supply -- Surface anatomy -- Histology -- Kidneys -- Nephron -- Organisation of the nephron -- Types of nephron -- Proximal convoluted tubule -- Loop of Henle -- Distal tubule -- Collecting tubules and collecting ducts -- Renal capsule -- Renal cortex and medulla -- Lobes and lobules -- Interstitium -- Endocrine components -- Ureters -- Adrenal glands -- Adrenal cortex -- Adrenal medulla -- Embryology -- Urinary system -- Positional changes of the kidney -- Vasculature -- Adrenal glands -- Integrative case study -- Diagnosis? -- Further investigation? -- Management? -- Self-assessment -- Questions: -- Gross anatomy: Kidneys -- Gross anatomy: Ureters -- Gross anatomy: Adrenal glands -- Gross anatomy: Renal system vasculature -- Histology: Kidneys -- Histology: Ureters -- Histology: Adrenal glands -- Embryology: Renal system -- Answers: -- The glomerulus -- Juxtaglomerular apparatus -- Renal Corpuscle -- Mesangium -- Glomerular filtration -- Filtration pathway -- Net filtration pressure -- Glomerular filtration rate -- Renal clearance -- Filtration fraction -- Renal plasma flow -- Renal blood flow -- Intrinsic mechanisms of autoregulation -- Myogenic mechanism -- Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism -- Extrinsic regulatory mechanisms -- Vasoconstrictors -- Vasodilators -- Integrative case study -- Diagnosis? -- Aetiology? -- Further investigation? -- Management? -- Self-assessment -- Questions: -- The glomerulus -- Glomerular filtration -- Renal blood flow -- Answers: -- Introduction to the renal tubule -- Renal Tubular System -- Tubular transport mechanisms -- Passive mechanisms -- Active transport -- Proximal tubule -- Sodium -- Water -- Bicarbonate -- Chloride.

Potassium -- Loop of Henle -- Thin descending limb -- Thin ascending limb -- Thick ascending limb -- Other major solutes -- Urea -- Phosphate -- Calcium -- Magnesium -- Glucose: filtered load calculation -- Distal tubule and collecting duct system -- Principal (P) cells -- Intercalated (IC) cells -- Urine concentration and dilution -- Counter-current multiplication -- Vasa recta function -- Urea -- Anti-diuretic hormone -- Aldosterone -- Diagnosis? -- Further investigation? -- Management? -- Self-assessment -- Questions: -- The renal tubule -- Pharmacology -- Answers: -- Appendix 1 - Diuretics overview -- Appendix 2 - Clinical imaging overview -- A Ultrasound (US) abdomen -- B Intravenous urography (IVU) -- C Computed tomography (CT) -- CT scan with contrast - -- transverse sections -- CT scan without contrast - coronal section (left) and transverse section (right) -- D Micturating cystourethrography (MCUG) -- E nuclear medicine renography (functional scanning) -- Appendix 3 - Normal values -- Haematology -- Arterial blood gases -- Biochemistry -- Commonly used abbreviations -- References -- Glossary -- Acidosis -- Allosteric interactions -- Alkalosis -- Anastomosis -- Arrhythmia -- Autoantibody -- Calculus (pl. calculi) -- Catecholamine -- Creatinine -- Cyst -- Cystine -- Cystinosis -- Deamination -- Dysuria -- Erythropoietin -- Glutaminase -- Glycolysis -- Haematocrit -- Haematuria -- Hypoplasia -- Intravenous -- Leukocyturia -- Lymphoma -- Mesangium -- Microalbuminuria -- Microangiopathy -- Packed cell volume -- Pallor -- Pericarditis -- Pitting oedema -- Plasma -- Polycythaemia -- Polyuria -- Post-prandial -- Proteinuria -- Pyelonephritis -- Renal osteodystrophy -- Renal threshold -- Septicaemia -- Shear stress -- Solvent drag -- Tachycardia -- Tachypnoea -- Transport maximum -- Uraemia -- Varicocele -- Vesico-ureteric reflux -- Index -- A -- B.

C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.