CONTENTS -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Articular Cartilage Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Tissue Engineering Eugene Koay and Kyriacos Athanasiou -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Native Biomechanical Structure-Function Relationships -- 2.1. Structural components of native articular cartilage -- 2.1.1. Composition -- 2.1.2. Tissue architecture -- 2.1.3. Chondrocytes -- 2.1.4. Chondrons -- 2.2. Biomechanical physiology of articular cartilage -- 2.2.1. Biomechanical development -- 2.2.2. Biomechanical regulation -- 3. Future Directions for Native Biomechanical Structure-Function Investigations -- 4. Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage -- 4.1. Standards for tissue engineering studies -- 4.2. Building blocks for engineering articular cartilage -- 4.2.1. Biomaterials -- 4.2.2. Cell source -- 4.3. External stimuli -- 4.3.1. Bioactive agents -- 4.3.2. Biophysical forces -- 5. Future Directions for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Techniques in Modern Gait Analysis and Their Application to the Study of Knee Osteoarthritis J. L. Astephen and K. J. Deluzio -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement of Gait -- 3. The Nature of Gait Data -- 3.1. Variability -- 3.2. Dimensionality -- 4. Gait Data Analysis in the Study of Knee Osteoarthritis -- 4.1. Parameter-based analyses -- 4.2. Waveform-based analyses -- 4.2.1. Principal component analysis -- 4.2.2. Other waveform-based analysis techniques for gait data -- 4.3. Multivariate analyses -- 5. Biomechanical Factors of Knee Osteoarthritis -- 5.1. Kinematics -- 5.1.1. Stride characteristics -- 5.1.2. Joint angles -- 5.2. Kinetics -- 5.2.1. The knee adduction moment -- 6. Challenges in the Analyses of Knee Osteoarthritis -- 6.1. Gait disease severity -- 6.2. Confounding variables -- 6.2.1. Speed -- 6.2.2. Obesity -- 6.2.3. Age -- 6.2.4. Sex.

7. Future Directions in Gait Analysis for Knee Osteoarthritis: Multivariate, Multidisciplinary, Multi-Center Analyses -- References -- Chapter 3 Finite Element Modeling of the Microarchitecture of Cancellous Bone: Techniques and Applications Amit Gefen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Considerations and Finite Element Techniques in Models of Normal and Osteoporotic Cancellous Bone -- 2.1. Microarchitectural properties of cancellous bone -- 2.1.1. Shape of individual trabeculae -- 2.1.2. Trabecular structures and the role of intertrabecular connectivity -- 2.2. Mechanical properties of cancellous bone -- 2.2.1. Tissue-level properties -- 2.2.2. Apparent properties -- 2.3. Finite element modeling of cancellous bone -- 2.3.1. Concepts of finite element modeling as applied to cancellous bone -- 2.3.2. Micro-imaging-based cancellous bone models -- 2.3.3. Generic lattice cancellous bone models -- 3. Model Applications to Load-Bearing Phenomena in Normal and Osteoporotic Cancellous Bone -- 3.1. Compression behavior of cancellous bone -- 3.2. Strain inhomogeneity in trabeculae -- 3.3. Buckling behavior of trabeculae -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Effect of Stress Ratio and Stress Frequency on Fatigue Behavior of Compact Bone S. Ishihara, M. Ota, B. L. Ding, C. Fleck, T. Goshima and D. Eifler -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modeling of Bone Tissue -- 3. Computer Simulation of Bone's Fatigue Process -- 3.1. Distribution of initial crack length -- 3.2. Calculation of the range of energy release rate G -- 3.3. Threshold for crack propagation -- 3.4. Crack propagation -- 3.5. Fracture criterion for each member -- 3.6. Criterion for specimen failure -- 4. Specimen and Experimental Method -- 5. Effect of Stress Ratio -- 5.1. Experimental results -- 5.2. Comparison between simulation and experiment (stress ratio) -- 5.2.1. S-N curve.

5.2.2. Variation of Young's modulus E/E0 during fatigue process -- 6. Effect of Stress Frequency -- 6.1. Experimental results -- 6.1.1. Relationship between number of cycles to failure Nf and maximum stress σmax -- 6.1.2. Crack propagation behavior for bovine cortical bone -- 6.2. Comparison between simulation and experiment -- 6.2.1. S-N curve -- 6.2.2. Estimated relation between fatigue lives Nf as a function of stress frequency -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 Kinematic Analysis Techniques and Their Application in Biomechanics Rita Stagni, Silvia Fantozzi, Andrea G. Cutti and Angelo Cappello -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Stereophotogrammetry -- 2.1.1. Instrumental errors -- 2.1.2. Anatomical landmarks misplacement -- 2.1.3. Soft tissue artifact -- 2.2. Single-plane fluoroscopy -- 2.2.1. The fluoroscope device -- 2.2.2. Pose estimation -- 2.2.2.1. 3D/3D alignment approach -- 2.2.2.2. 2D/3D alignment approach -- 2.3. Inertial sensors -- 2.3.1. Accelerometers -- 2.3.2. Gyroscopes -- 2.3.3. Application in human movement analysis -- 3. Applications -- 3.1. Soft tissue artifacts: Quantification and compensation -- 3.1.1. Upper limb -- 3.1.2. Lower limb -- 3.2. Joint modeling -- 3.3. Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity -- 3.3.1. Assessment of an above-elbow amputee and his innovative prosthesis -- 3.3.1.1. Subject description and prosthesis setup -- 3.3.1.2. Motion analysis protocol and data analysis -- 3.3.1.3. Elbow performance -- 3.3.1.4. Subject movements for prosthesis control -- 3.3.2. The evolution of compensation strategies in a patient with shoulder instability -- 3.3.2.1. Motion analysis protocol -- 3.3.2.2. Patient description -- 3.3.2.3. Results -- 3.3.2.4. Discussion and conclusions -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 6 Structural Analysis of Skeletal Body Elements: Numerical and Experimental Methods Elisabetta M. Zanetti and Cristina Bignardi -- 1. Introduction: The Origins of Structural Biomechanics -- 2. Numerical Analysis -- 2.1. The geometrical model -- 2.2. Volume meshing -- 2.2.1. Notch effect -- 2.3. Bone mechanical properties -- 2.3.1. Bone density and the main mechanical properties -- 2.3.2. Bone anisotropy -- 2.3.3. Influence of strain rate -- 2.3.4. Influence of age on bone mechanical properties -- 2.3.5. Influence of sex on bone mechanical properties -- 2.3.6. Effect of temperature -- 2.3.7. Element type -- 2.4. Boundary conditions: Loads and constraints -- 2.5. Linear and nonlinear analyses -- 2.6. Dynamic analyses -- 2.7. Post-processing -- 2.8. Notes on bone remodeling -- 3. Experimental Analysis -- 3.1. Specimens -- 3.1.1. Wet bone and dry bone -- 3.1.2. Specimen variability -- 3.1.3. A viable solution: Synthetic bones -- 3.2. Loading and constraining -- 3.2.1. Simple constraining -- 3.2.2. Large displacements -- 3.2.3. Simulation of muscle forces -- 3.2.4. An example: Femur loading -- 3.3. Instrumentation -- 3.4. Strain gauges -- 3.5. Photoelasticity -- 3.6. Laser holography -- 3.7. Thermoelastic stress analysis -- 3.8. Thermoelastic stress analysis of anisotropic materials -- 3.8.1. Application of TSA on second-generation femurs -- 3.8.2. Application of TSA on third generation femurs -- 3.9. Dynamic analysis of bones -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Indentation Technique for Simultaneous Estimation of Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of Soft Tissues Pong-Chi Choi, Hang-Yin Ling and Yong-Ping Zheng -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodologies -- 2.1. Two different sized indentors -- 2.2. A single indentation -- 3. Finite Element Analysis -- 4. Results and Discussion -- 4.1. Two different sized indentors.

4.2. A single indentation -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Wear Phenomena in Knee Prostheses and Their Finite Element Analyses Changhee Cho, Teruo Murakami, Yoshinori Sawae, Nobuo Sakai, Hiromasa Miura and Yukihide Iwamoto -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observation of Wear Characteristics of UHMWPE Tibial Inserts in Retrieved Knee Prostheses -- 2.1. Materials and methods -- 2.2. Results and discussion -- 2.3. Conclusions for retrieval study -- 3. Elasto-Plastic Contact Analysis of Simplified Artificial Knee Joint Using Finite Element Method -- 3.1. Methods -- 3.1.1. FEM modeling and analysis conditions -- 3.1.2. Experiments for FEM material model -- 3.1.3. Knee joint simulator test -- 3.2. Results and discussion -- 3.2.1. FEM analysis -- 3.2.2. Knee joint simulator test -- 3.3. Conclusions for FEM analysis of simplified artificial knee joint -- 4. Elasto-Plastic Contact Analysis of a UHMWPE Tibial Insert Based on Geometrical Measurement from a Retrieved Knee Prosthesis -- 4.1. Materials and methods -- 4.1.1. Materials -- 4.1.2. FEM modeling and analysis conditions -- 4.1.3. Experiment for determination of contact position -- 4.2. Results -- 4.3. Discussion -- 4.4. Conclusion for FEM analysis based on geometrical measurement -- 5. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Tribology of Metal-on-Metal Arti.cial Hip Joints Zhong Min Jin, Sophie Williams, Joanne Tipper, Eileen Ingham and John Fisher -- 1. Introduction: Hip Joints and Replacements -- 1.1. Natural hip joints -- 1.2. Arti.cial hip joint replacements -- 1.3. Wear and wear debris related problems -- 1.4. Hip joint replacement with alternative bearing surfaces -- 2. A Brief Account of the Historical Development of Metal-on-Metal Hip Joint Replacements -- 2.1. Pre-1950 -- 2.2. Between the 1950s and 1980s -- 2.3. Between the 1980s and the 1990s.

2.4. Post-1990.