Core and Metro Networks.
Title:
Core and Metro Networks.
Author:
Stavdas, Alexandros.
ISBN:
9780470683583
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (513 pages)
Series:
Wiley Series on Communications Networking and Distributed Systems Ser.
Contents:
CORE AND METRO NETWORKS -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 The Emerging Core and Metropolitan Networks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Chapter's Scope and Objectives -- 1.2 General Characteristics of Transport Networks -- 1.2.1 Circuit- and Packet-Based Network Paradigms -- 1.2.2 Network Layering -- 1.2.3 Data Plane, Control Plane, Management Plane -- 1.2.4 Users' Applications and Network Services -- 1.2.5 Resilience -- 1.2.6 Quality of Service -- 1.2.7 Traffic Engineering -- 1.2.8 Virtual Private Networks -- 1.2.9 Packet Transport Technologies -- 1.3 Future Networks Challenges -- 1.3.1 Network Evolution Drivers -- 1.3.2 Characteristics of Applications and Related Traffic -- 1.3.3 Network Architectural Requirements -- 1.3.4 Data Plane, Control Plane, and Management Plane Requirements -- 1.4 New Transport Networks Architectures -- 1.4.1 Metropolitan Area Network -- 1.4.2 Core Network -- 1.4.3 Metro and Core Network (Ultra-long-term Scenario) -- 1.5 Transport Networks Economics -- 1.5.1 Capital Expenditure Models -- 1.5.2 Operational Expenditure Models -- 1.5.3 New Business Opportunities -- Acronyms -- References -- 2 The Advances in Control and Management for Transport Networks -- 2.1 Drivers Towards More Uniform Management and Control Networks -- 2.2 Control Plane as Main Enabler to Autonomic Network Integration -- 2.2.1 Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching -- 2.2.2 Evolution in Integrated Architectures -- 2.3 Multilayer Interactions and Network Models -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Vertical Integration and Models -- 2.3.3 Horizontal Integration and Models -- 2.3.4 Conclusions on UNI Definitions from ITU-T, OIF, IETF, and OIF UNI: GMPLS UNI Interoperability Issues -- 2.4 Evolution of Connection Services and Special Cases of Optical Networks -- 2.4.1 Evolution in Network Services -- 2.4.2 Virtual Private Networks -- 2.4.3 Layer 1 VPN.
2.4.4 Layer 2 VPN -- 2.4.5 Layer 3 VPN -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Elements from Telecommunications Engineering -- 3.1 Digital Optical Communication Systems -- 3.1.1 Description of Signals in the Time and Frequency Domains -- 3.1.2 Digital Signal Formats -- 3.2 Performance Estimation -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Modeling -- 3.2.3 Comparison of Techniques -- 3.2.4 Standard Experimental Measurement Procedures -- References -- 4 Enabling Technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Transmitters -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Overview of Light Sources for Optical Communications -- 4.2.3 Transmitters for High Data-Rate Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Systems -- 4.3 Receiver -- 4.3.1 Overview of Common Receiver Components -- 4.4 The Optical Fiber -- 4.4.1 Short Introduction to the Waveguide Principle -- 4.4.2 Description of Optical Single-Mode Fibers -- 4.4.3 Special Fiber Types -- 4.5 Optical Amplifiers -- 4.5.1 Introduction to Optical Amplifiers -- 4.5.2 Principle of Operation -- 4.5.3 Gain Saturation -- 4.5.4 Noise -- 4.5.5 Gain Dynamics -- 4.5.6 Optical Fiber and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers -- 4.5.7 Raman Amplifiers -- 4.5.8 Lasers and Amplifiers -- 4.6 Optical Filters and Multiplexers -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 Optical (De-)Multiplexing Devices -- 4.6.3 Overall Assessment of (De-)Multiplexing Techniques -- 4.6.4 Optical Filters -- 4.6.5 Tunable Filters -- References -- 5 Assessing Physical Layer Degradations -- 5.1 Introduction and Scope -- 5.2 Optical Power Budgets, Part I -- 5.2.1 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Q Factor -- 5.2.2 Noise -- 5.2.3 Performance Parameters. Light Path Evaluation Rules -- 5.2.4 Transmission Impairments and Enhancements: Simple Power Budgets -- 5.3 System Bandwidth -- 5.3.1 System Bandwidth, Signal Distortion, Intersymbol Interference -- 5.3.2 Fiber-Optical Nonlinear Effects -- 5.3.3 Optical Transients.
5.4 Comments on Budgets for Nonlinear Effects and Optical Transients -- 5.4.1 Compensators/Equalizers -- 5.4.2 CD Equalization -- 5.4.3 PMD Equalization -- 5.4.4 Simultaneous Presence of Distortions, Electronic Equalization, and Cumulative Filtering -- 5.4.5 General Features of Different Modulation Formats -- 5.5 Semianalytical Models for Penalties -- 5.6 Translucent or Hybrid Networks -- 5.6.1 Design Rules for Hybrid Networks -- 5.7 Appendix -- 5.7.1 Dispersion Managed Links -- 5.7.2 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects -- References -- 6 Combating Physical Layer Degradations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Dispersion-Compensating Components and Methods for CD and PMD -- 6.2.1 Introduction on Optical CD and PMD Compensator Technology -- 6.2.2 Optical Compensation Schemes -- 6.2.3 Key Parameters of Optical Compensators -- 6.2.4 Compensators Suitable for Translucent Networks -- 6.2.5 Impact of Group-Delay Ripple in Fiber Gratings -- 6.3 Modulation Formats -- 6.3.1 On-Off Keying Modulation Formats -- 6.3.2 Comparison of Basic OOK Modulation Formats: NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ for 40 Gbit/s Transmission -- 6.3.3 A Power-Tolerant Modulation Format: APRZ-OOK -- 6.3.4 DPSK Modulation Formats -- 6.3.5 Spectrally Efficient Modulation Formats -- 6.4 Electronic Equalization of Optical Transmission Impairments -- 6.4.1 Electronic Equalization Concepts -- 6.4.2 Static Performance Characterization -- 6.4.3 Dynamic Adaptation of FFE- and DFE-Structures -- 6.4.4 General Remarks -- 6.5 FEC in Lightwave Systems -- 6.5.1 Application of FEC in Lightwave Systems -- 6.5.2 Standards for FEC in Lightwave Systems -- 6.5.3 FEC Performance Characterization -- 6.5.4 FEC Application in System Design -- 6.6 Appendix: Experimental Configuration and Measurement Procedure for Evaluation and Comparison for Different Modulation Formats for 40 Gbit/s Transmission -- 6.6.1 Simulation Setup.
Acknowledgments -- References -- Dictionary of Optical Networking -- Acronyms -- Index.
Abstract:
This book is one of the results of the integrated project NOBEL that has been funded during 2004-2008 as part of the EU 6th Framework Programme (FP 7) for research and development. I had the honour to be the Project Officer of the second phase of this project. NOBEL stands for Next Generation Optical Network for Broadband European Leadership. Broadband is becoming the dominant access mode to the Internet. High capacity broadband connections enhance the users' experience, freeing them from the inconvenient dial-up service. With user data rates of typically between 1-20 MBit/s downstream, broadband access enables the user to get more out of existing services and, more importantly, opens up opportunities for new services. Already the expansion of broadband networks has brought with it a host of new services, such as voice over IP and video streaming. By 2010-2012 it is expected that advanced countries will reach an 80-90% household penetration. This market success in broadband access has been made possible by cost-efficient technologies and by the adoption of flat-rate tariffs. Multimedia convergence encompasses convergence of products and solutions in telecom, broadcasting, digital media and consumer electronics. It is a profound revolution in the ICT sector that has started several years ago and finds its origins in technological evolutions allowing for the ability of different network platforms to carry essentially similar kinds of digital services, including the integration of consumer devices such as telephony, television and personal computing. Rapidly convergence has affected businesses by changing the business roles and the competitive environments of the sector actors. Convergence is at the source of major reshaping of the telecom, broadcasting and digital media worlds. Multimedia convergence has further triggered radical changes in
the ways digital multimedia services are consumed by the end-user, who evolved from a passive multimedia services consumer towards a major player controlling and creating his own communications and media. In turn these changes in consumer's behaviour have opened a series of new technological and scientific fields in the areas of multimedia networking, services, applications and devices. A first step of convergence has already been implemented and offered in so-called triple-play packages, where broadband Internet access is complemented by a number of applications, such as television and VoIP. A triple-play access supporting mobility in addition is also called quadruple-play access. Whereas the term Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC) has originated with the aim of fixed-mobile telephony convergence, the vision today is larger aiming at making accessible any service seamlessly fixed or mobile. From a network point of view, convergence is realised by the evolution of networks that support all kinds of different services or even "converged services", which are no longer designed to be deployed or delivered over a specific network. The basis for the future of a plethora of converged services is the emerging Next Generation Network (NGN). This will consist of Various next generation access networks, reducing any bandwidth bottlenecks that may exist today at the access level. This evolution is not related to any single access technology but to characteristics of an access infrastructure capable in providing higher and scalable bandwidth, better symmetry and lower contention Global next generation core networks with nearly unlimited bandwidth in the backbone Next generation service control, which will provide the framework for intelligent and convergent service creation Broadband for All In recent years, research activities in broadband
communications have achieved progress towards network technologies and architectures allowing a generalised and affordable availability of broadband access, fixed and wireless, to all users, including those in less developed regions, peripheral and rural areas. The objective of the FP6 Strategic Objective "Broadband for All", which has been funded by the EU with approximately 159M€ in 38 FP6 projects, has been to develop the network technologies and architectures allowing a generalised and affordable availability of broadband access to European users, including those in less developed regions, peripheral and rural areas. One of the key areas in the programme "Broadband for All" was optical network technologies. The main objective was increased bandwidth capacity, in the access network as well as in the underlying optical core/metro network, including in particular optical burst and packet switching, commensurate with the expected evolution in user requirements and Internet-related services. The NOBEL project NOBEL has been the flagship project of this area. The overall goal of NOBEL phase 1 was to develop innovative network solutions and technologies for intelligent and flexible metro and core optical networks, and to validate these technologies to ensure their suitability for broad implementation across the EU. Providing input to the standardisation bodies (ITU, OIF and IETF) was also central to the project's aims. The rationale was that by working together to develop the most suitable technologies for mass-market adoption of broadband capabilities, the partners would be able to develop critical mass in markets more quickly. It is only when markets reach critical mass that businesses can offer broadband services to customers at a realistic cost, while customer demand reaches levels that make such services economic to provide. The
NOBEL project partners consist of telecom network operators, equipment manufacturers and research centres across Europe, in fact just about every major name in the telecom field. In addition to Telecom Italia, they include Alcatel, British Telecom, Deutsche Telecom, Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Siemens, Telefonica, CISCO, France Telecom and many more. In their research the partners studied technology developments over three distinct periods; progress in the next few years, developments in the medium term, and the longer-term future. For each of these periods they examined network technologies, network services, and the 'control plane', i.e. the network technologies, algorithms and protocols that enable automatic network configuration, either to meet customer demand or to compensate for faults. In the immediate future for example, the partners looked at Internet Protocol (IP) and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technologies, Ethernet, next-generation Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), including GFP, LCAS and VCAT technologies and Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH). They also foresaw the likely take-up of level 3 VPN (Virtual Private Networks), or virtual network services responding in a similar way to IP. In the control plane, features such as basic Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON) and Generalised Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) would allow fast automatic reconfiguration of networks to meet varying traffic needs. Over the medium term, transport technologies would stay the same except that OTH would give way to OTN, providing more advanced network traffic management. Network services would see the introduction of level 2 VPNs, and technologies in the control plane would develop greater power, more flexibility and more features, such as the possibility to offer the Bandwidth on Demand, thanks to the introduction of
ASON. For the extended-term scenarios, transport technologies would see the introduction of facilities such as burst-switched networks using Optical Burst Switching. In network services, level 1 VPNs would underpin key optical circuits for network operators and major business customers, with significant new features such as bandwidth-on-demand. While in the control plane, GMPLS would be based on a peer-to-peer model. NOBEL phase 2 Building on research in its predecessor, the NOBEL phase 2 consortium's ambitious goal was to provide this next-generation optical broadband network. It is the enabler for this by reducing the upfront costs and simplifying network architecture and management to cut operational costs as well. The idea is to give every European household fast access to all that the Internet has to offer, including browsing, e-commerce and e-government, services for health, and developing services such as IPTV. NOBEL2 has identified three basic innovations as the key to the development of new- generation optical networks. First up is transparency. A transparent optical network transmits and switches signals as light rather than electricity. The signals can be between any pair of nodes on the network with no speed or distance restrictions. What this means, in practical terms, is that there is no longer any need for expensive equipment at intermediate network nodes - the network is easier to manage as a result, and extra traffic can easily be accommodated. So, thanks to this technological breakthrough, not only are transparent optical networks cheaper to build and maintain than conventional legacy telephony networks, they are also far more efficient and flexible with much greater capacity. NOBEL2 has also made major progress in the field of automated intelligent networks, thanks to its work with the network control plane (CP).
CPs.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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