Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Nitric Oxide: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Role -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nitric Oxide Chemistry -- 1.3 Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide -- 1.4 Physiological Role of Nitric Oxide -- 1.4.1 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Seed Dormancy -- 1.4.2 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Growth -- 1.4.3 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Senescence -- 1.4.4 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Nitrate Reductase Activity -- 1.4.5 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Respiration -- 1.4.6 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Stomatal Movement -- 1.4.7 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Chlorophyll Content -- 1.4.8 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Photosynthesis -- 1.4.9 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Antioxidant System -- 1.4.10 Effect of Nitric Oxide on Programmed Cell Death -- 1.5 Nitric Oxide and Cross Talk with Classical Plant Hormones -- 1.5.1 Auxins and Nitric Oxide -- 1.5.2 Abscisic Acid and Nitric Oxide -- 1.5.3 Cytokinins, Gibberellins, and Nitric Oxide -- 1.5.4 Ethylene and Nitric Oxide -- References -- 2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance as a Tool to Study Nitric Oxide Generation in Plants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Chemistry of Nitrogen-Active Species -- 2.1.2 Biological Effects of NO -- 2.2 Methods of NO Detection -- 2.2.1 Determination of NO by Specific Electrodes -- 2.2.2 Determination of NO by Spectrophotometric and Fluorometric Methods -- 2.2.3 Determination of NO by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance -- 2.2.3.1 Specific Experimental Advances -- 2.3 Use of EPR Methodology for Assaying Enzyme Activities -- 2.3.1 NOS-Like Dependent NO Generation -- 2.3.2 Nitrate Reductase-Dependent NO Generation -- 2.4 Application of EPR Methods to Assess NO Generation During Plant Development -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Calcium, NO, and cGMP Signaling in Plant Cell Polarity -- 3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Cell Polarity and Plant Gametophyte Development -- 3.3 Calcium Signaling in Pollen and Fern Spores -- 3.4 NO/cGMP Signaling in Pollen and Fern Spores -- 3.5 NO/cGMP in Pollen-Pistil Interactions -- 3.6 Ovule Targeting and NO/cGMP -- 3.7 Ca²+/NO/cGMP Connection? -- 3.8 Closing Perspectives -- References -- 4 Nitric Oxide and Abiotic Stress in Higher Plants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nitric Oxide and Related Molecules -- 4.2.1 Chemistry of Nitric Oxide in Plant Cells -- 4.2.2 Reactive Nitrogen Species -- 4.3 Cellular Targets of NO -- 4.3.1 Nitrosylated Metals -- 4.3.2 Protein S-Nitrosylation -- 4.3.3 Protein Tyrosine Nitration -- 4.3.4 Nitrolipids -- 4.3.5 Nucleic Acid Nitration -- 4.3.6 NO and Gene Regulation -- 4.4 Functions of NO in Plant Abiotic Stress -- 4.4.1 Salinity -- 4.4.2 Ultraviolet Radiation -- 4.4.3 Ozone -- 4.4.4 Mechanical Wounding -- 4.4.5 Toxic Metals (Cadmium and Aluminum) -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Polyamines and Cytokinin: Is Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis the Key to Overlapping Functions? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cytokinin- and Polyamine-Induced NO Biosynthesis -- 5.3 Tissue Distribution of Zeatin-Induced and PA-Induced NO Formation -- 5.4 Nitric Oxide, Cytokinin, and Polyamines in Plant Growth and Development and in Abiotic and Biotic Stresses -- 5.4.1 Embryogenesis -- 5.4.2 Flowering -- 5.4.3 Senescence -- 5.4.4 Programmed Cell Death -- 5.4.5 Abiotic Stresses -- 5.4.6 Biotic Stresses -- References -- 6 Role of Nitric Oxide in Programmed Cell Death -- 6.1 Programmed Cell Death in Plants -- 6.1.1 PCD Hallmarks and Regulation -- 6.2 NO as a Signaling Molecule -- 6.2.1 NO Is Able to Induce or Inhibit PCD -- 6.2.2 Nitric Oxide and PCD in Hypersensitive Response -- 6.2.3 Signaling Component in SA-Induced NO Production -- 6.3 Role of Mitochondria in NO-Induced PCD -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References.

7 Nitrate Reductase-Deficient Plants: A Model to Study Nitric Oxide Production and Signaling in Plant Defense Response to Pathogen Attack -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physicochemical Basis of NO Signaling -- 7.3 Defense Responses Mediated by NO -- 7.3.1 Accumulation of Defensive Compounds -- 7.3.2 Hypersensitive Response -- 7.3.3 Systemic Responses -- 7.3.4 Stomatal Closure -- 7.4 Substrates for NO Production During Plant-Pathogen Interactions -- 7.4.1 Production of NO from L-Arginine -- 7.4.2 Production of NO from Nitrite -- 7.5 The Role of Nitrate Reductase in NO Production During Plant-Pathogen Interactions -- References -- 8 Effective Plant Protection Weapons Against Pathogens Require "NO Bullets" -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Hypersensitive Response -- 8.3 Nitric Oxide and Phytoalexin Production -- 8.4 Nitric Oxide and the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway -- 8.5 Nitric Oxide and the Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway -- 8.6 Nitric Oxide and Gene Regulation -- 8.7 Nitric Oxide and Protein Regulation -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 The Role of Nitric Oxide as a Bioactive Signaling Molecule in Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide Under Abiotic Stress -- 9.2.1 NO Generated from NOS-Like Activity Under Abiotic Stress -- 9.2.2 NO Generated from NR Under Abiotic Stress -- 9.3 NO Signaling Functions in Abiotic Stress Responses -- 9.3.1 Function of NO Under Drought Stress -- 9.3.2 Function of NO Under Salt Stress -- 9.3.3 Function of NO Under Ultraviolet Radiation -- 9.3.4 Function of NO Under Heat and Low Temperature -- 9.3.5 Function of NO Under Heavy Metal Stress -- 9.3.6 Function of NO Under Other Abiotic Stresses -- 9.4 NO Signal Transduction in Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- 9.4.1 cGMP-Dependent Signaling -- 9.4.2 Downstream Signaling for NO Action.

9.5 Interactions of NO Signaling with Other Signaling Molecules in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress -- References -- 10 Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Other Signals Involved in Plant Resistance to Pathogens -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 NO Burst -- 10.3 Cooperation of NO with H2O2 in Triggering Programmed Cell Death -- 10.4 Cross Talk of NO with Salicylic Acid, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene -- 10.5 The Role of NO in the Micro- and Macroscale of Plant Communication -- 10.5.1 NO Cell Signaling Domain -- 10.5.2 NO in Short-Distance Communication -- 10.5.3 NO from Cross- to Long-Distance Communication -- 10.6 Does NO Participate in Stressful Memory of the Plant? -- 10.7 NO and Plant Recovery from Stress -- 10.8 NO in the Offensive Strategy of the Pathogen -- 10.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Nitric Oxide Signaling by Plant-Associated Bacteria -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Production of Nitric Oxide by Bacteria -- 11.2.1 Nitrification -- 11.2.2 Denitrification -- 11.2.3 Nitric Oxide Synthase -- 11.3 Regulatory Roles for Nitric Oxide in Bacteria -- 11.3.1 Metabolic Regulation -- 11.3.2 Regulation of Biofilm Formation -- 11.3.3 Stimulation of Oxidative and Nitrosative Defenses -- 11.4 Bacterial Nitric Oxide in Plant-Bacteria Interactions -- 11.4.1 Production of NO in Response to Plant Products -- 11.4.2 Plant Responses to Bacterial NO: The Azospirillum-Tomato Interaction -- 11.4.3 Perspectives -- References -- 12 Nitric Oxide Synthase-Like Protein in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physiological and Immunoblot Analyses of NOS-Like Protein of Pea -- 12.3 Isolation and Characterization of an NOS-Like Protein of Pea -- 12.4 Molecular Cloning and Analyses of an NOS-Like Gene of Pea -- 12.5 Correlation Study of NOS-Like Gene Expression and NOS Activity in Compatible and Incompatible Pea-Bacteria Interactions -- References.

13 Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins by Nitric Oxide: A New Tool of Metabolome Regulation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 S-Nitrosylation -- 13.2.1 S-Nitrosylation and Ethylene Biosynthesis -- 13.2.2 S-Nitrosylation and Photosynthesis -- 13.2.3 S-Nitrosylation and Glycolysis -- 13.2.4 S-Nitrosylation and Biotic/Abiotic Stresses -- 13.3 Tyrosine Nitration -- 13.4 Binding to Metal Centers -- 13.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Index.