Front Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 Determination of Metals -- 1.1 Destructive Techniques -- 1.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 1.1.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 1.1.3 Atom Trapping Technique -- 1.1.4 Vapour Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 1.1.5 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 1.1.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- 1.1.7 Hybrid Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques -- 1.1.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.1.9 Pre-concentration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques -- 1.1.10 Microprocessors -- 1.1.11 Autosamplers -- 1.1.12 Applications: Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Metals -- 1.1.13 Visible and UV Spectroscopy -- 1.1.14 Polarography and Voltammetry -- 1.1.15 Ion Chromatography -- 1.2 Non-destructive Methods -- 1.2.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 1.2.2 Neutron Activation Analysis -- References -- 2 Determination of Non-metallic Elements -- 2.1 Halogens -- 2.1.1 Combustion Methods -- 2.1.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion -- 2.1.3 Alkali Fusion Methods -- 2.1.4 Physical Methods for Determining Halogens -- 2.2 Sulfur -- 2.2.1 Combustion Methods -- 2.2.2 Sodium Peroxide Fusion -- 2.2.3 Oxygen Flask Combustion -- 2.3 Phosphorus -- 2.3.1 Acid Digestion -- 2.3.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion -- 2.4 Nitrogen -- 2.4.1 Combustion Methods -- 2.4.2 Acid Digestion -- 2.4.3 Physical Method for the Determination of Total Nitrogen -- 2.5 Silica -- 2.6 Boron -- 2.7 Total Organic Carbon -- 2.8 Total Sulfur/Total Halogen -- 2.9 Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur -- 2.10 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen -- 2.11 Oxygen Flask Combustion: Ion Chromatography -- 2.12 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy -- 2.13 Thermogravimetric Analysis -- References -- 3 Determination of Functional Groups in Polymers -- 3.1 Hydroxy Groups.

3.1.1 Acetylation and Phthalation Procedures -- 3.1.2 Spectrophotometric Methods -- 3.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 3.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.1.5 Direct Injection Enthalpimetry -- 3.1.6 Kinetic Method - Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Groups -- 3.1.7 Miscellaneous Techniques -- 3.2 Carboxyl Groups -- 3.2.1 Titration Method -- 3.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.2.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry -- 3.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5 Miscellaneous -- 3.3 Carbonyl Groups -- 3.4 Ester Groups -- 3.4.1 Saponifi cation Methods -- 3.4.2 Zeisel Hydriodic Acid Reduction Methods -- 3.4.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography -- 3.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.4.6 Gas Chromatography -- 3.4.7 Isotope Dilution Method -- 3.5 Ether Groups -- 3.6 Alkoxy Groups -- 3.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.6.3 Miscellaneous Methods -- 3.7 Oxyalkylene Groups -- 3.7.1 Cleavage - Gas Chromatography -- 3.7.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography -- 3.7.3 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.8 Anhydride Groups -- 3.9 Total Unsaturation -- 3.9.1 Hydrogenation Methods -- 3.9.2 Halogenation Methods -- 3.9.3 Iodine Monochloride Procedures -- 3.9.4 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.9.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.9.6 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography -- 3.10 Ethylene Glycol, 1,4-Butane Diol, Terephthalic Acid and Isophthalic Acid Repeat Units in Terylene -- 3.11 Oxirane Rings -- 3.12 Amino Groups -- 3.13 Amido and Imido Groups -- 3.13.1 Alkali Fusion Reaction Gas Chromatography -- 3.14 Nitrile Groups -- 3.14.1 Determination of Bound Nitrile Groups in Styrene - Acrylonitrile Copolymers -- 3.15 Nitric Ester Groups -- 3.16 Silicon Functions -- References -- 4 Monomer Ratios in Copolymers.

4.1 Olefi nic Copolymers -- 4.1.1 Ethylene-propylene -- 4.2 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography -- 4.2.1 Pyrolysis - Infrared Spectroscopy -- 4.2.2 Ethylene - Butane-1 Copolymers -- 4.2.3 Ethylene - Hexane-1 -- 4.2.4 Other Olefi n Polymers -- 4.2.5 Ethylene - Vinyl Acetate Copolymers -- 4.3 Vinyl Chloride Copolymers -- 4.3.1 Vinyl Chloride - Vinyl Acetate -- 4.3.2 Vinylidene Chloride - Vinyl Chloride -- 4.4 Styrene Copolymers -- 4.4.1 Styrene Acrylate and Styrene Methacrylate -- 4.4.2 Styrene - Methacrylate and Styrene - Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers -- 4.4.3 Styrene Acrylic Acid Copolymer NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.4.4 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers, NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.4.5 Styrene-n-butyl Acrylate Copolymers -- 4.4.6 Styrene Methacrylate Copolymers -- 4.4.7 Miscellaneous Styrene Copolymers -- 4.4.8 Vinyl Acetate - Methyl Acrylate NMR Spectroscopy -- 4.5 Butadiene-based Polymers -- 4.5.1 Styrene Butadiene and Polybutadiene -- 4.6 Styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile -- 4.7 Vinylidene Chloride - Methacrylonitrile and Vinylidene Chloride Cyanovinylacetate Copolymers -- 4.8 Acrylonitrile-cis (or Trans) Penta-1,3-diene -- 4.9 Hexafluoropropylene - Vinylidene Fluoride -- 4.9.1 19F-NMR -- 4.9.2 Pyrolysis - Gas Chromatography -- 4.10 Ethylene Glycol Terephthalic Acid, Ethylene Glycol Hydroxyl Benzoic Acid -- 4.11 Ethylene Oxide Copolymers -- 4.11.1 Ethylene Oxide - Propylene Oxide -- 4.11.2 Ethylene Oxide - Polyacetal -- 4.12 Maleic Anhydride Copolymers -- 4.13 Acrylamide - Methacryloyl Oxyethyl Ammonium Chloride, and Acrylamid - Acyloxyethyl Ammonium Chloride -- References -- 5 Analysis of Homopolymers -- 5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 5.1.1 Determination of Low Concentrations of Methyl Groups in Polyethylene -- 5.1.2 Bond Rupture in HDPE -- 5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Instrumentation -- 5.3 Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy.

5.3.1 Theory -- 5.3.2 Applications -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4.1 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4.2 Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4.3 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4.4 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry -- 5.4.5 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Gross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning 13C and 15N -- 5.5.1 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.6 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry -- 5.7 Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.8 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.9 Infrared Spectra -- References -- 6 Analysis of Copolymers -- 6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 6.3 Raman Spectroscopy -- 6.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 6.4.1 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry -- 6.4.2 Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry -- 6.4.3 Laser Desorption - Ion Mobility Spectrometry -- 6.4.4 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry -- 6.4.5 Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry -- 6.5 NMR and Proton Magenetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 6.6 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 6.7 Other Techniques -- References -- 7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 7.1 Bulk Polymer Structural Studies -- 7.2 Adhesion Studies -- 7.3 Carbon Black Studies -- 7.4 Particle Identifi cation -- 7.5 Pyrolysis Studies -- 7.6 Surface Studies -- 7.7 Applications in Which Only XPS is Used -- 7.8 Applications in Which Both XPS and ToF-SIMS are Used -- References -- 8 Atomic Force Microscopy and Microthermal Analysis -- 8.1 Atomic Force Microscopy -- 8.1.1 Polymer Characterisation Studies and Polymer Structure -- 8.1.2 Morphology -- 8.1.3 Surface Defects -- 8.1.4 Adhesion Studies -- 8.1.5 Polydispersivity -- 8.1.6 Sub-surface Particle Studies -- 8.1.7 Size of Nanostructures -- 8.1.8 Visualisation of Molecular Chains.

8.1.9 Compositional Mapping -- 8.1.10 Surface Roughness -- 8.1.11 Microphase Separation -- 8.1.12 Phase Transition -- 8.1.13 Shrinkage -- 8.2 Microthermal Analysis -- 8.2.1 Morphology -- 8.2.2 Topography -- 8.2.3 Glass Transition -- 8.2.4 Depth Profi ling Studies -- 8.2.5 Phase Separation Studies -- References -- 9 Multiple Technique Polymer Studies -- 9.1 FTIR - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy -- 9.2 Other Technique Combinations -- References -- 10 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Analysis Using X-rays -- References -- Appendix 1. Instument Suppliers -- Appendix 2. Suppliers of Flammability Properties Instruments -- Appendix 3. Address of Suppliers -- Abbreviations -- Subject Index.