Contents -- 1 Introduction and History -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origins and history -- 2 Metal Pigment Types -- 2.1 Aluminium -- 2.2 Gold bronze -- 2.3 Copper -- 2.4 Nickel -- 2.5 Stainless steel -- 2.6 Zinc -- 2.7 Iron -- 2.8 Tin -- 2.9 Silver -- 2.10 Gold -- 2.11 Other metals -- 3 Manufacture -- 3.1 Dry milling -- 3.1.1 Aluminium -- 3.1.2 Gold bronze -- 3.2 Continuous dry milling -- 3.2.1 Aluminium -- 3.2.2 Gold bronze -- 3.3 Wet milling -- 3.3.1 Aluminium -- 3.3.2 Gold bronze -- 3.3.3 Silver -- 3.3.4 Nickel -- 3.3.5 Stainless steel -- 3.3.6 Zinc -- 3.4 Continuous wet milling -- 3.5 Spherical metal pigments -- 3.6 Rapidly solidified flakes -- 3.7 Vacuum deposition -- 3.8 Cut foil glitters -- 3.9 Flakes with coloured surfaces -- 3.9.1 Chemical modification of metal surfaces -- 3.9.2 Colour formation in situ -- 3.9.3 Attachment of pre-formed colorants -- 3.10 Metal coatings on non-metallic substrates -- 3.11 Other methods -- References -- 4 Pigment Characteristics -- 4.1 Morphology -- 4.1.1 Particle size -- 4.1.2 Particle shape -- 4.1.3 Aspect ratio -- 4.1.4 Surface uniformity -- 4.2 Physical properties -- 4.2.1 Specific gravity -- 4.2.2 Water covering area -- 4.2.3 Specific surface area -- 4.2.4 Heat and lightfastness -- 4.2.5 Chemical resistance -- 4.2.6 Magnetism -- 4.3 Visual properties -- 4.3.1 Colour and brightness -- 4.3.2 Opacity -- 4.3.3 Flop -- 4.3.4 Leafing and non-leafing -- 4.3.5 Sparkle -- 4.3.6 Distinctiveness of image -- 4.4 Glitter flakes -- References -- 5 Delivery Forms -- 5.1 Dry powder -- 5.2 Paste -- 5.3 Dispersion in resin and solvent -- 5.4 Plasticiser dispersions -- 5.5 Granules -- 5.6 Dry masterbatch -- 5.7 Liquid masterbatch -- 5.8 Compound -- References -- 6 Comparison of Mass Pigmentation and Coating -- 6.1 Advantages of coating -- 6.1.1 Brightness -- 6.1.2 Colour uniformity -- 6.1.3 Flop.

6.1.4 Application temperature -- 6.1.5 Vacuum metallisation -- 6.2 Mass pigmentation advantages -- 6.2.1 Depth of coloration -- 6.2.2 Single stage versus multistage processing -- 6.2.3 Environmental and legislative pressures -- 6.2.4 Cost -- References -- 7 Mass Pigmentation Application Characteristics -- 7.1 Colour -- 7.2 Dispersibility -- 7.3 Opacity and tint strength -- 7.4 Orientation -- 7.5 Mechanical properties -- 7.6 Cost -- 7.7 Interrelationships -- 7.8 Compatibility -- 7.9 Spherical metal pigments -- 7.10 Metal flake pigments with coloured surfaces -- 7.11 'Glitter' flakes -- 8 Flow and Weld Lines in Mass Pigmented Applications -- 8.1 Description and origins -- 8.2 Tool design for injection moulding -- 8.3 Orientation in multiphase and glass filled polymers -- 8.4 Orientation of metal pigments -- 8.5 Mould tool design for metal pigments -- 8.6 Gates, sprues and runners -- 8.7 Tool texturing -- 8.8 Additional cavity -- 8.9 Dynamic melt techniques -- 8.9.1 SCORTEC -- 8.9.2 Other techniques -- 8.10 Localised mould heating -- 8.11 Other techniques -- References -- 9 Formulation of Mass Pigmented Polymers -- 9.1 General techniques -- 9.2 Optimising the formulation -- 9.2.1 Flake size -- 9.2.2 Flake concentration -- 9.2.3 Polymer transparency -- 9.2.4 Polymer viscosity -- 9.2.5 Metallic/organic pigment combinations -- 9.2.6 Deep shades -- 9.2.7 Spherical pigments -- 9.3 Incorporation in polymers -- 9.3.1 Low shear forces -- 9.3.2 Improvement of flake orientation -- 9.4 Increasing pigment quality -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 Conversion Processes -- 10.1 Injection moulding -- 10.2 Blow moulding -- 10.2.1 Blown film -- 10.2.2 Blown containers -- 10.3 Extrusion -- 10.4 Co-extrusion -- 10.5 Paint-less film moulding -- 10.6 In-mould decoration -- 10.7 Vacuum forming and thermoforming -- 10.8 Rotational moulding -- 10.9 Glass reinforced plastic.

10.10 Thermosetting polymers -- References -- 11 Applications of Mass Pigmented Systems -- 11.1 Household goods -- 11.2 Sports goods -- 11.3 Agricultural film -- 11.4 Sacks and bags -- 11.5 Containers -- 11.6 Automotive -- 11.7 Pearl simulants -- 11.8 Mineral simulants -- 11.9 Fibres and textiles -- References -- 12 Metal Pigmented Coatings -- 12.1 Substrate preparation -- 12.2 Coating formulation and properties -- 12.2.1 Pigment particle size -- 12.2.2 Concentration -- 12.2.3 Leafing and non-leafing -- 12.3 Dispersion and incorporation -- 12.4 Application to the substrate -- 12.5 Solvent based systems -- 12.6 Water-based systems -- 12.7 UV/EB cured coatings -- References -- 13 Applications of Metal Pigmented Coatings -- 13.1 Painting -- 13.1.1 Solvent-based paints -- 13.1.2 Water-based paints -- 13.1.3 In-mould coating -- 13.1.4 Miscellaneous paints -- 13.2 Printing -- 13.2.1 Solvent-based inks -- 13.2.2 Paste inks -- 13.2.3 Water-based inks -- 13.2.4 Laminates -- 13.2.5 Security Inks -- 13.2.6 Bronze replacement -- 13.3 UV cured coatings -- 13.4 PVC Plastisols -- 13.5 Anticorrosive and barrier coatings -- 13.6 Other applications -- 14 Powder Coatings -- 14.1 Material types and properties -- 14.2 Manufacture -- 14.2.1 Dry blend -- 14.2.2 Bonding -- 14.2.3 Co-extrusion -- 14.2.4 Coated flakes -- 14.2.5 Other technologies -- 14.3 Formulation, application techniques and markets -- 14.4 Safety and handling -- References -- 15 Non-colouristic Applications -- 15.1 Mechanical reinforcement -- 15.2 Microwave heating -- 15.3 Electrical conductivity -- 15.3.1 Product forms -- 15.4 EMI shielding -- 15.4.1 Origin and measurement -- 15.4.2 Legislative requirements -- 15.4.3 Shielding principles and techniques -- 15.4.4 Shielding of polymers -- 15.4.5 Coating techniques -- 15.4.6 Mass pigmentation techniques -- 15.5 Light exclusion.

15.6 Heat and light reflection -- 15.7 Thermal conductivity -- 15.8 Lubrication and wear reduction -- 15.9 Gas and moisture barrier -- 15.10 UV protection -- 15.11 Laser marking -- 15.12 Magnetic applications -- 15.13 Corrosion resistance -- 15.14 Flame retardation -- 15.15 Radiation absorption -- References -- 16 Health, Safety and Handling -- 16.1 Health -- 16.1.1 Aluminium -- 16.1.2 Gold bronze and copper -- 16.1.3 Other metal pigments -- 16.2 Safety -- 16.2.1 Aluminium -- 16.2.2 Gold bronze -- 16.2.3 Other metal pigments -- 16.3 Health and safety in use -- 16.3.1 Mass pigmentation -- 16.3.2 Coatings -- 16.4 Environment -- 16.5 Handling, storage and disposal -- 16.5.1 Aluminium -- 16.5.2 Other metals -- 16.5.3 UV grades -- 16.6 Fire fighting -- 16.6.1 Aluminium -- 16.6.2 Other metals -- References -- Author Index -- Company Name Index -- Main Index.