Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Table of GATT cases -- Table of WTO cases -- Table of other cases -- 1 Introduction -- 1 The WTO and its coverage -- 2 Aims, objects and relevance of the study -- 3 Organization of the study -- 4 Organizing principles: effectiveness and good governance -- 4.1 Constitutive function of effectiveness -- 4.2 Evaluative function of effectiveness -- 4.3 Constitutive function of good governance -- 4.4 Evaluative function of good governance -- 5 Related issues -- 5.1 The exhaustion of local remedies rule -- 5.2 General principles of national law as a source of international and WTO law -- Part I -- 2 National law in international law -- 1 Introduction: dualism and monism -- 2 National law and international obligations -- 2.1 National laws cannot be relied upon to avoid international obligations -- 2.2 Is there a duty to ensure conformity of national laws with international obligations? -- 2.3 Can national legislation by itself violate international obligations? -- 3 National laws as facts -- 3 Systemic WTO obligations regarding national law -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Substantive obligations and national law -- 3 Obligations regarding implementation of WTO commitments -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Obligations to ensure conformity of national laws with the WTO agreements -- 3.2.1 Article XVI:4 vis-à-vis general public international law -- 3.2.2 Article XVI:4 vis-à-vis national laws of Members -- 3.3 Implementation at sub-national levels -- 4 Obligations on transparency -- 4.1 Publication and notification of national laws -- 4.2 The Trade Policy Review Mechanism -- 5 Obligations regarding administration of national laws -- 6 Obligations to make available under national law specified procedures and remedies -- 6.1 Review procedures -- 6.2 Enforcement procedures.

7 Concluding remarks -- 4 WTO dispute settlement procedures and national law -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General overview of the dispute settlement mechanism -- 2.1 The DSU, the dispute settlement organs and the key procedures -- 2.2 Coverage of the mechanism -- 2.3 Applicable law -- 2.4 Rules of treaty interpretation -- 3 Panels' jurisdiction and competence -- 3.1 Causes of action -- 3.2 What can be challenged -- 3.3 Terms of reference of panels -- 3.4 Functions of panels -- 4 Appellate jurisdiction -- 5 Dispute settlement recommendations and rulings and their implementation -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Remedies -- 5.3 Enforcement mechanism -- 6 Concluding remarks -- Part II -- 5 The problem of characterization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characterization in private international law -- 3 Characterization in public international law -- 4 Characterization in WTO law -- 4.1 Extra/intra-regime characterization -- 4.2 Intra-regime characterization -- 4.3 Provision-specific characterization -- 5 Concluding remarks: is there any scope for cross-fertilization? -- 6 Standard of review -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of the chapter -- 1.2 Effectiveness and good governance -- 1.3 The wider international legal context -- 2 Textual framework -- 3 Definitional, terminological and thematical issues -- 3.1 Standard of review, deference and margin of appreciation -- 3.2 Proportionality? -- 3.3 Subsidiarity? -- 4 Standard of review and treaty interpretation -- 5 Emerging standards -- 5.1 In general -- 5.2 Factors that have bearings on the standard of review -- 5.2.1 Type of the measure -- 5.2.2 Substantive provisions -- 5.2.3 The area in which the contested measure falls -- 5.2.4 Underlying facts and the nature of the evidence -- 6 Future perspective -- 6.1 Evolution and politicization of standard of review -- 6.2 Looking forwards -- 7 National law as a question of fact.

1 Introduction -- 2 Proof of national law -- 3 Interpretation of national law -- 3.1 In general -- 3.2 Methodological issues -- 3.3 Evaluation of various elements of national law -- 3.3.1 Text / statutory language -- 3.3.2 Judicial decisions -- 3.3.3 Legislative history -- 3.3.4 Intention or object and purpose of the law -- 3.3.5 Context -- 3.3.6 Administrative criteria and practice -- 3.3.7 Statements/representations made before panels -- 4 Appellate review of panels' findings regarding the interpretation/meaning of national law -- 5 Concluding remarks -- 8 Mandatory and discretionary legislation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The distinction under the GATT 1947 -- 3 The distinction vis-à-vis international law in general -- 4 The distinction under the WTO -- 4.1 General remarks -- 4.2 The jurisprudence -- 5 Justifications for treating some discretionary laws as WTO-inconsistent -- 6 Implications of bringing discretionary laws under WTO discipline -- 6.1 ''The sovereignty debate" -- 6.2 Rule orientation -- 6.3 Individual rights -- 6.4 Distinguishing between different kinds of discretionary legislation -- 7 Techniques of avoiding unreasonable intrusion -- 7.1 General remarks -- 7.2 Case by case analysis -- 7.3 Non-statutory elements -- 7.4 Mootness -- 8 Concluding remarks -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Index.