Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Detailed chapter outline -- Table of WTO Agreements -- Table of WTO cases -- Table of general abbreviations -- Table of WTO award and report abbreviations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Beyond the ostensible -- 1.2 The nature of principles -- 1.2.1 Distinguishing principles from rules -- 1.2.2 Normative and descriptive aspects of principles -- 1.2.3 Inherent uncertainty of legal texts -- 1.3 Need for principles in WTO disputes -- 1.3.1 Interpretation and evaluation -- 1.3.2 The WTO within the framework of public international law -- 1.3.3 Problems with principles -- 1.4 Structure and content of the book -- Part I A framework for principles -- 2 Principles of particular relevance to the WTO -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principles of WTO law -- 2.2.1 Defining principles of WTO law -- A. Principles derived from the WTO agreements -- B. Principles derived from judicial decisions -- 2.2.2 Possible examples of principles of WTO law -- A. Clues from Marrakesh and Doha: a broad range of principles -- B. Trade liberalisation, non-discrimination, reciprocity -- 2.3 Principles of customary international law -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Dissecting the meaning of customary international law -- A. What state practice counts? -- B. Divergent state practice -- C. Opinio juris -- 2.3.3 Possible examples of relevant principles of customary international law -- A. Interpretative principles: in dubio mitius, effectiveness -- B. The precautionary principle -- 2.4 General principles of law -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Significance of general principles of law -- A. Theoretical approaches to identifying general principles of law -- B. Identification and use of general principles of law in the ICJ and PCIJ.

2.4.3 Possible examples of relevant general principles of law -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Legal basis for using principles in WTO disputes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Using principles to interpret WTO provisions -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Theories of interpretation and their relationship to principles -- 3.2.3 Relevance of principles in interpreting the WTO agreements -- A. Article 3.2 of the DSU -- B. VCLT Articles 31 and 32 -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) Good faith and ordinary or special meaning: Article 31(1), (4) -- (iii) Context, object and purpose: Article 31(1), (2) -- (iv) Relevant rules of international law: Article 31(3)(c) -- (v) Supplementary means of interpretation: Article 32 -- C. WTO agreements as a constituent instrument or a constitution -- 3.3 Using principles to resolve WTO disputes: beyond interpretation -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Subject-matter jurisdiction of WTO Tribunals: principles as claims? -- 3.3.3 Principles as applicable law in WTO disputes -- 3.3.4 Principles within the inherent jurisdiction of WTO Tribunals -- A. WTO Tribunals have inherent jurisdiction -- B. Scope of the inherent jurisdiction of WTO Tribunals -- C. Using principles through inherent jurisdiction -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Part II Selected Principles Examined -- 4 Good faith -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Good faith in international law outside the WTO -- 4.2.1 A general principle of law -- 4.2.2 A principle of customary international law -- 4.2.3 Towards a definition of good faith -- 4.2.4 Particularisations of good faith -- A. Performance of treaties: pacta sunt servanda -- B. Interpretation of treaties: VCLT Article 31(1) -- C. Estoppel -- D. Abuse of rights -- 4.3 Using good faith in WTO disputes -- 4.3.1 Good faith as a principle of WTO law -- 4.3.2 Procedural implications of good faith -- A. Engaging in dispute settlement procedures (DSU Article 3.10).

B. Resorting to dispute settlement (DSU Articles 3.7, 23) -- C. Good faith and inherent jurisdiction: estoppel -- 4.3.3 Substantive implications of good faith -- A. Performance of WTO obligations: pacta sunt servanda -- B. Non-violation complaints -- C. General exceptions and abuse of rights -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Due process -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Due process as a principle -- 5.2.1 A general principle of law -- 5.2.2 A principle of customary international law -- 5.2.3 A principle of WTO law -- A. Due process before WTO Tribunals -- B. Members' obligations to accord due process -- 5.3 Using due process in WTO disputes -- 5.3.1 Ensuring due process before WTO Tribunals -- A. Panel compliance with due process (DSU Articles 11, 12.7) -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) The matter before the panel (hearing rule) -- (iii) Objective assessment (bias and no evidence rules) -- B. Due process and inherent jurisdiction -- 5.3.2 Understanding Members' obligations to accord due process -- A. Fair administration (GATT Article X:3(a)) -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) Uniformity, impartiality, and reasonableness -- (iii) Consistency with WTO law and domestic law -- B. General exceptions (GATT Article XX) -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Proportionality -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Proportionality as a principle for balancing competing interests -- 6.2.1 A general principle of law -- A. Proportionality in domestic legal systems -- B. Proportionality in international legal systems -- 6.2.2 Principle of WTO law -- A. Exceptions to general obligations - GATT 1994 Article XX -- B. Positive obligations on Members - the SPS and TBT Agreements -- 6.3 Using proportionality in WTO disputes to balance competing interests -- 6.3.1 GATT 1994 Article XX -- A. Measures that are 'necessary' -- B. Measures that are 'related to' -- 6.3.2 The SPS and TBT Agreements.

6.4 Proportionality as a principle in assessing remedies -- 6.4.1 A general principle of law: crime and punishment -- 6.4.2 A principle of customary international law: countermeasures for wrongful acts -- 6.4.3 A principle of WTO law -- A. Introduction -- B. Multilateral remedies for WTO violations -- C. Unilateral remedies for certain other conduct -- 6.4.4 Conclusion -- 6.5 Using proportionality for assessing remedies in WTO disputes -- 6.5.1 Multilateral remedies -- A. General WTO violations -- (i) Understanding the purpose of suspending concessions -- (ii) Claims based on disproportionality -- (iii) Interpreting 'nullification or impairment' -- B. Actionable and prohibited subsidies -- 6.5.2 Interpreting provisions on unilateral remedies -- A. Proportionality and anti-dumping -- B. Proportionality and safeguards -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7 Special and differential treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Special and differential treatment as a principle of WTO law -- 7.2.1 Special and differential treatment in GATT/WTO -- 7.2.2 Non-discrimination and special and differential treatment -- 7.3 Potential difficulties with special and differential treatment -- 7.3.1 Value of S&D to developing countries -- 7.3.2 Distinguishing between developing countries -- 7.3.3 Conflicting developing country interests -- 7.4 Using special and differential treatment in WTO disputes -- 7.4.1 S&D and WTO Tribunals' inherent jurisdiction regarding procedural matters -- 7.4.2 S&D in interpreting the WTO agreements -- A. Significance of S&D: a 'mere' exception? -- B. S&D as an interpretative principle -- 7.5 Conclusion -- 8 Conclusion -- 8.1 A principled approach -- 8.2 Summary of the book -- 8.3 The future of principles -- Bibliography -- Articles, books, chapters, and papers -- PCIJ and ICJ cases -- Other arbitrations and cases -- WTO documents -- Index.