Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Detailed chapter outline -- Table of GATT/WTO agreements -- Table of GATT/WTO cases -- Table of abbreviations -- GATT/WTO agreements -- GATT/WTO cases -- Other abbreviations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- PART I Stalemate and its ideological origins -- 1 Trade and culture -- 1.1 'Trade and …' problems -- 1.2 Cultural implications of WTO rules -- 1.3 Cultural industries, cultural products, and cultural policy measures -- 1.3.1 Definitions -- 1.3.2 Common cultural policy measures -- 1.3.3 Significance in the WTO -- 1.3.4 Significance in other international contexts -- 1.4 Towards a solution -- 2 A case study of cultural products: protectionism vs cultural policy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Legitimacy of State support for cultural products -- 2.2.1 The nature of cultural products -- 2.2.2 Promoting or preserving culture through cultural products -- 2.3 Justification for discriminatory cultural policy measures -- 2.3.1 The market for cultural products -- A. US dominance -- B. Positive externalities of cultural products -- 2.3.2 The need for discrimination -- A. Against foreign cultural products -- B. Between foreign cultural products -- 2.4 Evaluating cultural policy measures in the WTO -- 2.4.1 Motives for cultural policy measures -- 2.4.2 Effectiveness of cultural policy measures -- 2.4.3 Minimising trade restrictions -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 What's wrong with the current treatment of cultural products? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cultural products as goods and services -- 3.2.1 Basic definitions and classifications -- 3.2.2 Digital products -- 3.3 Presumed 'likeness' of cultural products -- 3.3.1 Likeness under GATT 1994 -- A. Like products -- A. Directly competitive or substitutable products -- C. Aims-and-effects test -- 3.3.2 Like services and service suppliers under GATS.

3.4 Unbalanced and uncertain exceptions -- 3.4.1 Government-supplied services -- 3.4.2 Screen quotas -- 3.4.3 Subsidies -- A. GATT Articles III:8(b) and XVI and the SCM Agreement -- B. GATS Article XV -- 3.4.4 General exceptions (GATT Article XX, GATS Article XIV) -- A. Structure and chapeau -- B. National treasures -- C. Public morals and public order -- 3.5 The GATS outcome -- 3.5.1 Limited national treatment and market access commitments -- 3.5.2 Excessive MFN exemptions -- 3.6 Conclusion -- PART II Options for the future -- 4 Resolution through dispute settlement and international law -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The role of international law in interpreting WTO law -- 4.2.1 Relevant provisions -- A. Article 3.2 of the DSU -- B. Article 31 of the VCLT -- 4.2.2 Use of international law by the Appellate Body -- A. Significance of past Appellate Body Reports -- B. Ordinary meaning (VCLT Article 31(1)) -- (i) Relevance of international instruments -- (ii) Contemporaneous or evolutionary interpretation -- C. International law between the parties (VCLT Article 31(3)(c)) -- 4.3 Using international law to interpret WTO law on cultural products -- 4.3.1 National treasures -- 4.3.2 A human rights approach to cultural products -- 4.3.3 Public morals and public order -- 4.3.4 Screen quotas -- 4.3.5 Protecting human life or health -- 4.3.6 Securing compliance with other laws or regulations -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Constructing a new agreement outside the WTO -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 National and non-governmental initiatives -- 5.2.1 Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade -- 5.2.2 International Network on Cultural Policy -- 5.2.3 International Network for Cultural Diversity -- 5.3 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions -- 5.3.1 Background.

5.3.2 Key features of the UNESCO Convention -- 5.3.3 Implications for the WTO -- A. WTO Members' views on the UNESCO Convention -- B. Conduct of UNESCO Convention parties in the WTO -- C. Complaints relating to the UNESCO Convention -- D. The UNESCO Convention as a defence to a WTO violation -- (i) Applying the UNESCO Convention in a WTO dispute -- (ii) Resolving conflicts between the UNESCO Convention and WTO law -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Improving the existing WTO agreements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Improving treatment of cultural products under GATT 1994 -- 6.2.1 Screen quotas: remove or modify -- 6.2.2 A new general exception? -- 6.3 Improving treatment of cultural products under GATS -- 6.3.1 Digital cultural products as services -- 6.3.2 Mandated national treatment, market access, and MFN -- 6.3.3 Escape routes -- A. Discriminatory subsidies -- B. Developing country Members -- C. Screen quotas -- 6.4 Effecting changes -- 6.5 Other proposals -- 6.5.1 Anti-dumping measures against audiovisual services -- 6.5.2 Cultural diversity safeguards -- 6.5.3 Intellectual property rights and anti-competitive conduct -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Non-wto agreements, cases, statutes, and treaties -- Other official documents and reports -- Articles, books, chapters, and papers -- Index.