Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Series Preface -- 1 Basic Antenna and Propagation Theory -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves -- 1.2.1 Reflection -- 1.2.2 Refraction -- 1.2.3 Diffraction -- 1.3 Interaction between Two Waves -- 1.3.1 Waveforms in the Time Domain -- 1.3.2 Phasors -- 1.4 Polarization -- 1.4.1 Linear Polarization -- 1.4.2 Circular and Elliptical Polarization -- 1.4.3 Axial Ratio -- 1.4.4 Measurement of Polarization Purity -- 1.5 Characteristics of an Antenna -- 1.5.1 Radiation Patterns -- 1.5.2 Directivity, Gain and Efficiency -- 1.5.3 Electrical and Mechanical Boresight -- 1.5.4 Beamwidth and Gain of the Main Lobe -- 1.5.5 Position and Magnitude of the Lobes -- 1.5.6 Bandwidth -- 1.5.7 Polarization -- 1.5.8 Power Handling -- 1.6 Propagation -- 1.6.1 Power Flux Density -- 1.6.2 Guided Waves -- 1.6.3 Free Space Waves -- References -- 2 Aircraft Systems Using Antennas -- 2.1 Aircraft Systems -- 2.2 Frequencies of the Most Common Aircraft Systems -- 2.3 Automatic Direction Finding -- 2.4 Distress/SOS -- 2.5 Distance Measuring Equipment -- 2.6 Electronic Counter Measures -- 2.7 Electronic Support Systems -- 2.7.1 Frequency -- 2.7.2 Positional Information -- 2.7.3 DOA from Antenna Position -- 2.7.4 DOA Using Amplitude Comparison -- 2.7.5 DOA Using Phase Comparison -- 2.8 Emergency Locator Transmitter/Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon -- 2.9 Global Positioning System -- 2.10 HF -- 2.11 Instrument Landing System -- 2.11.1 ILS Marker -- 2.11.2 ILS Glideslope and Localizer -- 2.12 In-Flight Telephony -- 2.13 Microwave Landing System -- 2.14 Radar -- 2.14.1 Doppler Shift -- 2.14.2 RadAlt -- 2.14.3 Search Radar -- 2.14.4 Weather Radar -- 2.14.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) -- 2.14.6 Secondary Surveillance Radar -- 2.15 SatCom Civilian.

2.15.1 INMARSAT -- 2.15.2 Globalstar -- 2.15.3 Iridium -- 2.15.4 SKYLink -- 2.15.5 Teledesic -- 2.15.6 SatCom Airborne Antennas -- 2.16 Signals Intelligence -- 2.16.1 Communications Intelligence -- 2.16.2 Electronic Intelligence -- 2.17 Tactical Air Navigation -- 2.18 Traffic Collision Avoidance System -- 2.19 Telemetry -- 2.20 UHF -- 2.21 VHF Comms -- 2.22 VHF Omnidirectional Ranging -- 2.23 Equipment Designation -- References -- 3 The Antenna Siting Process -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 New Antenna Layouts -- 3.3 Optimum Positions for Blades -- 3.4 Design Phase -- 3.4.1 Initial Paper Design Stage -- 3.4.2 Investigative and Computational Modelling Phase -- 3.4.3 Verification and Implementation Phase -- 3.5 Certification and Qualification Phase -- 3.6 Typical Antenna Layouts -- 3.6.1 Small Aircraft -- 3.6.2 Large Aircraft -- References -- 4 Frequency and Spatial Coverage Considerations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Standard Ground Planes -- 4.2 Effect of the Structure on the Spatial Characteristics of the Antenna -- 4.2.1 Uninstalled and Installed Patterns -- 4.3 Combination of Two Waves -- 4.3.1 Combination in the Time Domain -- 4.3.2 Combination of Two Waves Using Trigonometry -- 4.4 Measurements on Scaled Test Bodies -- 4.4.1 Fokker 100 Scaled Model Used for Measurements -- 4.4.2 Cylinder Used for Radiation Pattern Measurements -- 4.5 Effect of Frequency on the Radiation Pattern -- 4.6 Effect of Distance from Obstacles -- 4.6.1 Effect of the Physical Distance from Obstacles -- 4.6.2 Effect of the Electrical Distance from Obstacles -- 4.7 Effect of Wings on the Radiation Pattern -- 4.8 Effect of the Curved Ground Plane and the Electrical Dimensions of the Fuselage -- 4.8.1 Effect of the Curved Fuselage on the Roll Plane Patterns -- 4.8.2 Effect of the Curved Nose Cone and Tail on the Pitch Plane Patterns.

4.9 Radiation Patterns on Cylinders in the Absence of Obstacles -- References -- 5 Antennas Used on Aircraft -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Near and Far Fields of an Antenna -- 5.2.1 Far Field for Wire Antennas -- 5.2.2 Far Field for Aperture Antennas -- 5.3 Antennas on Aerostructures -- 5.4 Polar Radiation Patterns -- 5.5 Dipoles -- 5.5.1 Small Dipoles -- 5.5.2 Resonant Dipoles -- 5.5.3 Broadband Dipoles -- 5.5.4 Crossed Dipoles -- 5.5.5 Dipole Arrays -- 5.6 Monopoles -- 5.6.1 Ground Plane Dependence -- 5.6.2 Top Loaded Monopoles -- 5.6.3 Small Monopoles -- 5.6.4 Broadband Monopoles -- 5.6.5 Tuned Monopoles -- 5.6.6 Monopole Arrays -- 5.7 Loops and Notches -- 5.8 Helixes -- 5.9 Flat/Planar Spirals -- 5.10 Patches -- 5.10.1 Patch Arrays -- 5.11 Aperture Antennas -- 5.12 Reflectors -- 5.12.1 Antennas and the Fourier Transform -- 5.13 Waveguide Fed Antennas -- 5.13.1 Waveguide Theory -- 5.13.2 Horns -- 5.13.3 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna -- 5.13.4 Phased Array Antennas -- 5.14 Model Numbers Used by Different Manufacturers -- References -- 6 RF Interoperability -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Coupling between Systems on an Aircraft -- 6.2.1 Conducted Emissions inside the Airframe -- 6.2.2 Radiated Emissions inside the Airframe -- 6.2.3 Radiated Emissions outside the Airframe -- 6.2.4 Conducted Emissions outside the Airframe -- 6.2.5 Radiated Emissions through the Airframe -- 6.2.6 Conducted Emissions through the Airframe -- 6.2.7 Coupling between Systems due to Radiated Emissions Outside the Airframe -- 6.3 Techniques for Achieving RF Interoperability -- 6.3.1 Antenna Placement -- 6.3.2 Time Domain Measures -- 6.3.3 Sidelobe Blanking -- 6.3.4 Receiver Blanking -- 6.3.5 Frequency Filters -- 6.3.6 EM Shielding -- 6.4 Modulation -- 6.4.1 Amplitude Modulation -- 6.4.2 Single Sideband Modulation -- 6.4.3 Frequency Modulation -- 6.4.4 Pulsed Radar.

6.5 Coupling due to Radiated Emissions through the Antennas -- 6.6 Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas -- 6.6.1 Spatial Isolation -- 6.6.2 Calculation of Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas -- 6.6.3 Out-of-Band Coupling -- 6.7 Coupling between Systems for Antennas on Opposite Surfaces of the Fuselage -- 6.7.1 Problems with Estimating Coupling at the Higher Frequencies -- 6.8 Existing Formulas Used for Calculating Coupling between Two Antennas on Opposite Surfaces -- 6.8.1 Bull and Smithers -- 6.8.2 Simple Diffraction -- 6.9 Derivation of an Empirical Formula that Correlates with the Measured Data -- References -- 7 Computer Modelling Techniques -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of Computer Modelling -- 7.2.1 Reasons for Computer Modelling of Antennas on Structures -- 7.2.2 Systems Performance Using Antenna Modelling -- 7.2.3 Postdiction -- 7.2.4 Modelling the Exterior Surface -- 7.2.5 Modelling the Antenna -- 7.2.6 The Frequency Gap -- 7.3 Generic Types of Computer Modelling -- 7.3.1 Classification of Generic Forms of Computer Packages -- 7.3.2 Verification of Modelling by Showing Correlation with Measured Data -- 7.4 Method of Moments -- 7.4.1 Enhancements -- 7.4.2 Comparison with Scaled Model Measurements -- 7.4.3 Fast Multipole Method - BEM with Accelerated Solver -- 7.5 Finite Difference Time Domain -- 7.5.1 Comparison with Measurements -- 7.6 GTD/UTD -- 7.6.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction -- 7.6.2 Uniform/Unified Theory of Diffraction -- 7.6.3 Creeping Waves Around Cylinders -- 7.6.4 Limitations of GTD/UTD Modelling -- 7.6.5 Geometric Surface Models for GTD/UTD -- 7.6.6 Higher-Order Interactions -- 7.6.7 Comparison of GTD/UTD with Scaled Model Measurements -- 7.7 Physical Optics -- 7.7.1 Comparison with MoM -- 7.8 Hybrid Methods -- 7.8.1 Multi-domain Method -- 7.8.2 Physical Optics and Hybrid MoM/PO.

7.8.3 Hybrid of MoM and GTD/UTD -- 7.9 Comparison of Predicted Surface Currents -- 7.9.1 Comparison between the Surface Currents on an Airframe using Different Codes -- 7.9.2 Surface Currents on a Simplistic Airframe for Different Meshes -- 7.10 Code-to-code Comparison of Radiation Patterns Predicted on the Simplistic Airframe -- 7.11 Relationship between Number of Unknowns and Surface Area -- References -- 8 Measurements -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Positioners -- 8.2.1 Phase Centre Error -- 8.3 Test Facility Antennas -- 8.3.1 Range Antennas -- 8.3.2 Antennas Used in Near-Field Facilities -- 8.3.3 Antennas Used in Compact Ranges -- 8.4 Scaled Models -- 8.4.1 Use of Scaled Models -- 8.4.2 Characteristics of Scaled Models -- 8.5 Scaled Antennas -- 8.5.1 Monopole Antennas -- 8.5.2 Patch Antennas -- 8.6 Absorbers -- 8.6.1 Carbon Loaded Foam RAM -- 8.6.2 Carbon Loaded Fibre Matting -- 8.6.3 Other Types of RAM -- 8.7 Measurement Facilities -- 8.8 Indoor Test Facilities -- 8.9 Anechoic Chambers -- 8.9.1 Quiet Zone -- 8.9.2 Rectangular Chambers -- 8.9.3 Tapered Anechoic Chambers -- 8.10 Compact Ranges -- 8.11 Near-Field Facilities -- 8.11.1 Planar Near-Field Facilities -- 8.11.2 Cylindrical Near-Field Facilities -- 8.11.3 Spherical Near-Field Facilities -- 8.11.4 Advanced Antenna Near-Field Test System -- 8.12 Outdoor Far-Field Ranges -- 8.12.1 Measurement of the Variation of the Field over the Measurement Volume -- 8.12.2 Elevated Ranges -- 8.12.3 Slant Ranges -- 8.12.4 Ground Reflection Ranges -- 8.12.5 Open Area Test Sites (OATS) -- 8.13 Ground Test Measurements -- 8.13.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements -- 8.13.2 Coupling Measurements -- 8.14 In-Flight Measurements for System and Inter-System Testing -- References -- 9 Reference -- 9.1 Centigrade to Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion -- 9.2 Conductivity of Common Metals.

9.3 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees.