Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Notes on Style -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Definitions -- Universal Comparison -- Structural Typology of Numerical Notation -- Cognition and Number -- Numerals and Writing -- Diffusion and Invention -- Technology, Function, and Efficiency -- Chapter 2 Hieroglyphic Systems -- Egyptian Hieroglyphic -- Egyptian Hieratic -- Hebrew Hieratic -- Meroitic -- Egyptian Demotic -- Linear A (Minoan) -- Cretan Hieroglyphic -- Linear B (Mycenean) -- Hittite Hieroglyphic -- Cypriote Syllabary -- Summary -- Chapter 3 Levantine Systems -- Aramaic -- Phoenician -- Palmyrene -- Nabataean -- Hatran -- Old Syriac -- Kharosthi -- Middle Persian -- Sogdian -- Manichaean -- Pahlavi -- Summary -- Chapter 4 Italic Systems -- Etruscan -- Greek Acrophonic -- Lycian -- South Arabian -- Roman -- Computation with Roman Numerals -- Medieval - Additive -- Medieval Modifications -- Replacement and Persistence -- Arabico-Hispanic Variants -- Calendar Numerals -- Summary -- Chapter 5 Alphabetic Systems -- Greek Alphabetic -- Coptic -- ZIMAM Numerals -- Ethiopic -- Gothic -- Hebrew Alphabetic -- Syriac Alphabetic -- Arabic Abjad -- Astronomical Fractions -- Fez Numerals -- Armenian -- Shirakatsi's Notation -- Georgian -- Glagolitic -- Cyrillic -- Latin -- Summary -- Chapter 6 South Asian Systems -- Brahmi -- From Addition to Position -- Modern South Asian -- North India -- Central Asia -- South India -- Southeast Asia -- Tamil -- Malayalam -- Sinhalese -- Indian Alphasyllabic -- Âryabhata's Numerals -- Katapayâdi Numerals -- Aksharapallî -- Arabic Positional -- Maghribi ("GHUBAR") Numerals -- Western Numerals -- Summary -- Chapter 7 Mesopotamian Systems -- Proto-cuneiform -- Sexagesimal Systems -- Bisexagesimal Systems -- GAN2 System -- EN System -- ŠE Systems -- U4 System.

The Origin of Proto-cuneiform Numerals -- Cognitive Consequences of Proto-cuneiform Numeration -- Convergence and Decline -- Proto-Elamite -- Sumerian -- Eblaite -- Assyro-Babylonian Common -- Babylonian Positional -- Mari -- Hittite Cuneiform -- Old Persian -- Summary -- Chapter 8 East Asian Systems -- Shang and Zhou -- Chinese Counting-Rod Numerals -- Chinese Classical -- Chinese Commercial -- Kitan -- Jurchin -- Summary -- Chapter 9 Mesoamerican Systems -- Bar-and-Dot -- Maya Calendrics and Positional Bar-and-Dot Numeration -- Maya Head-Variant Numerals -- Mexican Dot-Numerals -- Aztec -- Texcocan Line-and-Dot -- Other Systems -- Summary -- Chapter 10 Miscellaneous Systems -- Inka -- Bambara -- Berber -- Oberi Okaime -- Bamum -- Mende -- Sub-Saharan Decimal-Positional -- Miscellaneous West African -- Cypriot Tallies -- Indus -- Naxi -- Varang Kshiti -- Pahawh Hmong -- Ryukyu -- Samoyed -- Easter Island -- Cherokee -- Iñupiaq -- Miscellaneous North American -- Siyaq -- Cistercian -- Ottoman Cryptographic -- Summary -- Chapter 11 Cognitive and Structural Analysis -- Synchronic Regularities -- Axioms -- General Regularities -- Implicational Regularities -- Nonuniversals -- Cognitive Explanations of Synchronic Regularities -- Phrase Ordering -- Subitizing and Chunking -- Fingers and Numbers -- Diachronic Regularities -- Transformation of Systems -- Replacement of Systems -- Cognitive Explanations of Diachronic Regularities -- Conciseness -- Sign-count -- Extendability -- Effect of Cognitive Factors -- Summary -- Chapter 12 Social and Historical Analysis -- Social Dimensions of Numerical Notation -- Systemic Longevity and Phylogenetic Change -- Civilization and Systemic Invention -- The Macrohistory of Numerals -- Chapter 13 Conclusion -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.