Stable Isotope Forensics -- Contents -- Series Foreword: Developments in Forensic Science Niamh Nic Da eid -- Foreword: Sean Doyle -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction: Stable Isotope 'Fingerprinting' or Chemical 'DNA': A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? -- I How It Works -- I.1 What are Stable Isotopes? -- I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes -- I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same -- I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation -- I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background -- I.4.2 Fractionation Factor α and Enrichment Factor ε -- I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes -- I.4.4 Isotopic Fractionation Summary -- I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature -- I.5.1 Hydrogen -- I.5.2 Oxygen -- I.5.2.1 18O in Bone Bio-apatite and Source Water -- I.5.2.2 Bone Remodelling -- I.5.2.3 Bone Diagenesis -- I.5.2.3.1 Diagenetic Changes of Bio-apatite -- I.5.3 Carbon -- I.5.4 Nitrogen -- I.5.4.1 Food Chain and Trophic Level Shift -- I.5.4.2 Diagenetic Changes of Structural Proteins -- I.5.5 Sulfur -- I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life -- I.6.1 'Food Forensics' -- I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils -- I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages -- I.6.1.3 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Foods -- I.6.2 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals -- I.6.3 Environmental Forensics -- I.6.4 Wildlife Forensics -- I.6.5 Anti-Doping Control -- I.7 Summary of Part I -- I.8 Set problems -- References -- II Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques -- II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry -- II.2 Instrumentation and δ Notation -- II.2.1 Dual-Inlet Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry -- II.2.2 Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry -- II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis.

II.2.4 Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis -- II.2.4.1 CSIA and Compound Identification -- II.2.4.2 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis -- II.2.4.3 CSIA of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds -- II.3 Isotopic Calibration and Quality Control in Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry -- II.3.1 Two-Point or End-member Scale Correction -- II.3.1.1 Scale Correction of Measured δ2H Values -- II.3.1.2 Scale Correction of Measured δ13C Values -- II.4 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context -- II.4.1 Chemometric Analysis -- II.4.2 Bayesian Analysis -- II.5 Forensic Stable Isotope Analytical Procedures -- II.5.1 FIRMS Network -- II.6 Generic Considerations for Stable Isotope Analysis -- II.6.1 Generic Considerations for Sample Preparation -- II.6.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA -- II.6.2.1 Isobaric Interference -- II.6.3 Particular Considerations for 2H-BSIA -- II.6.3.1 Keeping Your Powder Dry -- II.6.3.2 Total δ2H versus True δ2H Values -- II.6.3.2.1 2H Isotope Analysis of Human Hair -- II.6.3.3 Ionization Quench Effect -- II.6.4 Generic Considerations for CSIA -- II.6.4.1 Isotopic Calibration during GC/C-IRMS -- II.6.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC/C-IRMS during Sample Injection -- II.6.4.3 Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC/C-IRMS -- II.7 Summary of Part II -- II.8 Set Problems -- II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry -- II.A.1 Pre-Installation Requirements -- II.A.2 Laboratory Location -- II.A.3 Temperature Control -- II.A.4 Power Supply -- II.A.5 Gas Supply -- II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations -- II.A.7 Finishing Touches -- References -- III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research -- III.1 Forensic Context -- III.2 Distinguishing Drugs -- III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs -- III.2.1.1 Marijuana -- III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin.

III.2.1.3 Cocaine -- III.2.2 Synthetic Drugs -- III.2.2.1Amphetamines -- III.2.3 Conclusions -- III.3 Elucidating Explosives -- III.3.1 Bulk Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors -- III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate -- III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX and Semtex -- III.3.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxides -- III.3.2 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship -- III.3.3 Potential Pitfalls -- III.3.4 Conclusions -- III.4 Matching Matchsticks -- III.4.1 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis -- III.4.2 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis -- III.4.3 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis -- III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes -- III.4.5 Conclusions -- III.5 Provenancing People -- III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue -- III.5.2 The Skull from the Sea -- III.5.3 A Human Life Recorded in Hair -- III.5.4 Found in Newfoundland -- III.5.5 The Case of 'The Scissor Sisters' -- III.5.6 Conclusions -- III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of other Physical Evidence -- III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics -- III.6.2 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape -- III.6.2.1 Paper -- III.6.2.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags -- III.6.2.3 Parcel Tape -- III.6.3 Conclusions -- III.7 Summary -- III.A 'Play True?': Stable Isotopes in Anti-doping Control or Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? -- References -- Government Agencies and Institutes with Dedicated Stable Isotope Laboratories -- Acknowledgements -- Recommended Reading -- Author's Biography -- Index.