Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 Ecological problems: definition and evaluation -- 1.1 What are ecological problems? -- 1.2 Categories of environmental problem -- 1.3 Values and the environment -- 1.3.1 Flourishing and moral considerability -- 1.3.2 Objections and responses -- 1.3.3 Deep Ecology -- 1.3.4 Broad anthropocentrism and the domination of nature -- 1.4 Conclusion -- 2 Marxism and the green Malthusians -- 2.1 Population and resources: Malthus's mathematical model -- 2.2 Environmentalist appropriation of Malthus -- 2.2.1 Malthusianism on a global scale -- 2.2.2 Malthus broadened: 'The Limits to Growth' -- 2.2.3 Malthus softened: emancipatory environmentalism -- 2.3 Marx and Engels on Malthus -- 2.3.1 Malthus's ideological agenda -- 2.3.2 The critique of Malthus on population -- 2.3.3 The critique of Malthus on subsistence -- 2.4 Marx, Malthus and contemporary environmental problems -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 Marxism and the ecological method -- 3.1 Metaphysical ecology -- 3.2 Reductionism -- 3.3 Marxism and method -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Historical materialism: locating society in nature -- 4.1 Ecology and human dependence upon nature -- 4.2 Marx's materialism and human dependence upon nature -- 4.3 Early and late Marx: an ecological break? -- 4.4 Developing the active side: idealist interpretations of historical materialism -- 4.5 Productivism and the labour process: Benton's critique -- 4.6 Productivism and historical materialism: Blackburn's critique -- 4.7 Narrow and broad historical materialism -- 4.8 Conclusion -- 5 Development of the productive forces -- 5.1 Development of the productive forces and development of technology -- 5.2 Technological development and ecological problems: an inevitable correlation?.

5.3 Criteria for technological development -- 5.4 Productive development in Marx: the Revolutionary Effect -- 5.4.1 The Undermining Effect -- 5.4.2 The Enabling Effect -- 5.5 Explaining productive development: an autonomous tendency? -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 Capitalism, socialism and the satisfaction of needs -- 6.1 The concept of need -- 6.2 Marx on true and false needs -- 6.3 Animal needs, workers' needs and human needs in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts -- 6.4 Alienation and the needs of self-realisation -- 6.5 The free-choice objection -- 6.6 Needs in Marx's later works -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Works by Marx and Engels -- Other works cited -- Index.