Chemistry of Nanocarbons -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview of Functionalization Methods -- 1.3 The Noncovalent Approach -- 1.3.1 Dispersability of Carbon Nanotubes -- 1.3.2 The Role of Noncovalent Functionalization in Nanotube Separation -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Supramolecular Assembly of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes Hybrids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hydrogen Bonded C60 Donor Ensembles -- 2.3 Concave exTTF Derivatives as Recognizing Motifs for Fullerene -- 2.4 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Properties of Fullerene-Containing Dendrimers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dendrimers with a Fullerene Core -- 3.2.1 A Fullerene Core to Probe Dendritic Shielding Effects -- 3.2.2 Light Harvesting Dendrimers with a Fullerene Core -- 3.3 Fullerene-Rich Dendrimers -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Novel Electron Donor Acceptor Nanocomposites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electron Donor-Fullerene Composites -- 4.2.1 General -- 4.2.2 Donor-Fullerene Dyads for Photoinduced Electron Transfer -- 4.2.3 Donor-Fullerene Linked Multicomponent Systems -- 4.2.4 Supramolecular Donor-Fullerene Systems -- 4.2.5 Photoelectrochemical Devices and Solar Cells -- 4.3 Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.3.1 General -- 4.3.2 Carbon Nanotube - Electron Donor Acceptor Conjugates -- 4.3.3 Carbon Nanotube - Electron Donor Acceptor Hybrids -- 4.4 Other Nanocarbon Composites -- References -- 5 Higher Fullerenes: Chirality and Covalent Adducts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Fullerene Chirality - Classification and the Stereodescriptor System -- 5.1.2 Reactivity and Regioselectivity -- 5.2 The Chemistry of C70.

5.2.1 C70-Derivatives with an Inherently Chiral Functionalization Pattern -- 5.2.2 C70-Derivatives with a Non-Inherently Chiral Functionalization Pattern -- 5.2.3 Fullerene Derivatives with Stereogenic Centers in the Addends -- 5.3 The Higher Fullerenes Beyond C70 -- 5.3.1 Isolated and Structurally Assigned Higher Fullerenes -- 5.3.2 Inherently Chiral Fullerenes - Chiral Scaffolds -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 Application of Fullerenes to Nanodevices -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Fullerene Complexes -- 6.3 Organometallic Chemistry of Metal Fullerene Complexes -- 6.4 Synthesis of Multimetal Fullerene Complexes -- 6.5 Supramolecular Structures of Penta(organo)[60]fullerene Derivatives -- 6.6 Reduction of Penta(organo)[60]fullerenes to Generate Polyanions -- 6.7 Photoinduced Charge Separation -- 6.8 Photocurrent-Generating Organic and Organometallic Fullerene Derivatives -- 6.8.1 Attaching Legs to Fullerene Metal Complexes -- 6.8.2 Formation of Self-Assembled Monomolecular Films -- 6.8.3 Photoelectric Current Generation Function of Lunar Lander-Type Molecules -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Supramolecular Chemistry of Fullerenes: Host Molecules for Fullerenes on the Basis of π-π Interaction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fullerenes as a Electron Acceptor -- 7.3 Host Molecules Composed of Aromatic π-systems -- 7.3.1 Hydrocarbon Hosts -- 7.3.2 Hosts Composed of Electron Rich Aromatic π-Systems -- 7.3.3 Host Molecules Bearing Appendants -- 7.3.4 Host Molecules with Dimeric or Polymeric Structures -- 7.4 Complexes with Host Molecules Based on Porphyrin π Systems -- 7.4.1 Hosts with a Porphyrin π System -- 7.4.2 Hosts with Two Porphyrin π Systems -- 7.5 Complexes with Host Molecules Bearing a Cavity Consisting of Curved π System -- 7.5.1 Host with a Concave Structure.

7.5.2 Complexes with Host Molecules Bearing a Cylindrical Cavity -- 7.6 The Nature of Supramolecular Property of Fullerenes -- References -- 8 Molecular Surgery toward Organic Synthesis of Endohedral Fullerenes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Molecular-Surgery Synthesis of Endohedral C60 Encapsulating Molecular Hydrogen -- 8.2.1 Cage Opening -- 8.2.2 Encapsulation of a H2 Molecule -- 8.2.3 Encapsulation of a He Atom -- 8.2.4 Closure of the Opening -- 8.3 Chemical Functionalization of H2@C60 -- 8.4 Utilization of the Encapsulated H2 as an NMR Probe -- 8.5 Physical Properties of an Encapsulated H2 in C60 -- 8.6 Molecular-Surgery Synthesis of Endohedral C70 Encapsulating Molecular Hydrogen -- 8.6.1 Synthesis of (H2)2@C70 and H2@C70 -- 8.6.2 Diels-Alder Reaction of (H2)2@C70 and H2@C70 -- 8.7 Outlook -- References -- 9 New Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes -- 9.1 Discovery, Preparation, and Purification -- 9.2 Structural Studies -- 9.2.1 Cycloaddition Reactions -- 9.2.2 Free Radical and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions -- 9.2.3 Electrochemistry Studies of TNT-EMFs -- 9.3 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Recent Progress in Chemistry of Endohedral Metallofullerenes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Chemical Derivatization of Mono-Metallofullerenes -- 10.2.1 Carbene Reaction -- 10.2.2 Nucleophilic Reaction -- 10.3 Chemical Derivatization of Di-Metallofullerenes -- 10.3.1 Bis-silylation -- 10.3.2 Cycloaddition with Oxazolidinone -- 10.3.3 Carbene Reaction -- 10.4 Chemical Derivatization of Trimetallic Nitride Template Fullerene -- 10.5 Chemical Derivatization of Metallic Carbaide Fullerene -- 10.6 Missing Metallofullerene -- 10.7 Supramolecular Chemistry -- 10.7.1 Supramolecular System with Macrocycles -- 10.7.2 Supramolecular System with Organic Donor -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References.

11 Gadonanostructures as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents -- 11.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the Role of Contrast Agents (CAs) -- 11.2 The Advantages of Gadonanostructures as MRI Contrast Agent Synthons -- 11.3 Gadofullerenes as MRI Contrast Agents -- 11.4 Understanding the Relaxation Mechanism of Gadofullerenes -- 11.5 Gadonanotubes as MRI Contrast Agents -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Chemistry of Soluble Carbon Nanotubes: Fundamentals and Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Characterizations of Dispersion States -- 12.3 CNT Solubilization by Small Molecules -- 12.3.1 Surfactants -- 12.3.2 Aromatic Compounds -- 12.4 Solubilization by Polymers -- 12.4.1 Vinyl Polymers -- 12.4.2 Conducting Polymers -- 12.4.3 Condensation Polymers -- 12.4.4 Block Copolymers -- 12.5 Nanotube/Polymer Hybrids and Composites -- 12.5.1 DNA/Nanotube Hybrids -- 12.5.2 Curable Monomers and Nanoimprinting -- 12.5.3 Nanotube/Polymer Gel-Near IR Responsive Materials -- 12.5.4 Conductive Nanotube Honeycomb Film -- 12.6 Summary -- References -- 13 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic and Photovoltaic Applications -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes -- 13.3 Properties and Applications -- 13.3.1 Electron Transfer Properties and Photovoltaic Applications -- 13.3.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Electrical Measurements and Field Effect Transistors -- 13.3.3 Biosensors -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Dispersion and Separation of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Dispersion of SWNTs -- 14.2.1 Dispersion of SWNTs Using Amine -- 14.2.2 Dispersion of SWNTs Using C60 Derivatives -- 14.2.3 Dispersion of SWNTs in Organic Solvents -- 14.3 Purification and Separation of SWNTs Using Amine -- 14.3.1 Purification and Separation of SWNTs Prepared by CVD Methods.

14.3.2 Purification and Separation of Metallic SWNTs Prepared by Arc-Discharged Method -- 14.3.3 Preparation of SWNTs and Metallic SWNTs Films -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Molecular Encapsulations into Interior Spaces of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanohorns -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 SWCNT Nanopeapods -- 15.2.1 Synthesis Methods -- 15.2.2 Electronic Structures of C60 Nanopeapods -- 15.3 Material Incorporation and Release in/from SWNH -- 15.3.1 Structure of SWNH and SWNHox -- 15.3.2 Liquid Phase Incorporation at Room Temperature -- 15.3.3 Adsorption Sites of SWNHox -- 15.3.4 Release of Materials from inside SWNHox -- 15.3.5 Plug -- 15.4 Summary -- References -- 16 Carbon Nanotube for Imaging of Single Molecules in Motion -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Electron Microscopic Observation of Small Molecules -- 16.3 TEM Imaging of Alkyl Carborane Molecules -- 16.4 Alkyl Chain Passing through a Hole -- 16.5 3D Structural Information on Pyrene Amide Molecule -- 16.6 Complex Molecule 4 Fixed outside of Nanotube -- 16.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Chemistry of Single-Nano Diamond Particles -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Geometrical Structure -- 17.3 Electronic Structure -- 17.4 Properties -- 17.4.1 Tight Hydration -- 17.4.2 Gels -- 17.4.3 Number Effect -- 17.5 Applications -- 17.5.1 Lubrication Water -- 17.6 Recollection and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 18 Properties of π-electrons in Graphene Nanoribbons and Nanographenes -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Edge Effects in Graphene Nanoribbons and Nanographenes -- 18.3 Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons and Nanographenes -- 18.3.1 Graphene Nanoribbons -- 18.3.2 Nanographenes -- 18.4 Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 19 Carbon Nano Onions -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Physical Properties of Carbon Nano Onions Obtained from Annealing.

19.2.1 Annealing Process.