Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Embryology and anatomy -- Embryology -- Origin of the cerebellum -- Generation of cerebellar neurons -- Vertebrobasilar system embryogenesis -- Genes, signaling, and development of the cerebellum -- Neurotrophins -- Imaging and fetal development -- Anatomy -- Nomenclature -- Afferent fibers -- Cerebellar circuitry -- The cerebellar cortex -- Purkinje neurons -- Granule cells -- Unipolar brush cells -- Inhibitory interneurons -- Bergmann glial cells -- Cerebellar nuclei -- The inferior olivary complex -- Spinocerebellar tracts -- Vestibular afferents -- Acoustic, visual, and trigeminal afferents -- Reticular nuclei -- Pontine nuclei -- The thalamocortical projections -- Aminergic and cholinergic inputs to the cerebellum -- Autonomic centers -- Connections with the limbic system -- Neurotransmitters -- Neurosteroids -- References -- 2 Physiology of the cerebellum -- The three functional divisions -- Activities in the cerebellar nuclei -- Activities of Purkinje neurons -- Activities of the inferior olivary complex -- Control of eye movements -- Control of speech -- Control of limb movements -- Posture and gait -- Learning -- "Sensory" processing -- Cerebellum and timing -- Computational models of cerebellar function -- Internal models -- Inverse models -- Cerebellum and cognitive operations -- Cerebellum, mood, and depression -- References -- 3 Symptoms of cerebellar disorders -- Ataxia: definition -- Clinical signs and sagittal zone affected -- Classification of clinical signs -- Oculomotor disturbances -- Clinical examination -- Fixation deficits -- Skew deviation -- Ocular tilt reaction -- Disorders of pursuit -- Disorders of saccades -- Nystagmus -- Signs of extra-cerebellar disease -- Dysarthria and mutism.

Examination of speech -- Deficits in limb movements -- Clinical examination -- Dysmetria -- Kinetic tremor -- Action tremor -- Palatal tremor -- Essential tremor and orthostatic tremor -- Disorders of muscle tone -- Decomposition of movement -- Dysdiadochokinesia -- Dysrhythmokinesia ("arrhythmokinesis") -- Check and rebound -- Isometrataxia -- Deficits in gait/posture -- Ataxia of stance -- Ataxia of gait -- Psychogenic gait ataxia -- Autonomic signs -- "Cognitive abnormalities" and emotional disorders -- Lesion-symptom mapping -- References -- 4 Clinical scales -- ICARS -- Posture and Gait Score (total of scores A to G) -- Kinetic functions (total of scores H to N) -- Speech assessment (total of scores O to P) -- Oculomotor deficits (total of scores Q to S) -- BARS (Brief Ataxia Rating Scale) -- AS20 (Ataxia Scale on 20 points) -- Part I -- Part II -- Part III -- SARA (Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) -- Comparison between scales -- Quantitative tests -- FARS (Friedreich Ataxia Rating Scale) -- Functional staging for ataxia -- Activities of daily living -- Neurological examination -- Upper limb coordination -- Lower limb coordination -- Peripheral nervous system -- Upright stability -- Instrumental testing -- Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS) -- References -- 5 Diagnosis of cerebellar disorders as a function of age -- The importance of obtaining a detailed genealogy -- The role of brain imaging -- Blood studies -- Which cutoff for age? -- Congenital and childhood disorders -- Ataxias in young adults -- Ataxia in the elderly -- Genetic testing -- References -- 6 Overview of the general management of cerebellar disorders -- Medical treatment -- Surgery -- Rehabilitation and assistive therapy -- Treatments under investigation -- References -- 7 Malformations -- Classification of cerebellar malformations.

Malformations of both midbrain and hindbrain -- Malformations predominantly affecting the cerebellum and derivatives -- Malformations predominantly affecting the lower hindbrain -- Developmental abnormalities with fluid collections -- Prenatal--onset degeneration -- Other malformations and syndromes -- Lhermitte-Duclos syndrome -- Macrocerebellum -- Aicardi syndrome -- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome -- References -- 8 Cerebellar stroke -- Anatomy of cerebellar vessels -- Cerebellar infarctions -- PICA infarctions -- AICA infarctions -- SCA infarctions -- Border zone infarctions (watershed) -- Lacunar infarctions -- Extra-cerebellar lesions causing hemiataxia -- Outcome of cerebellar infarctions -- Pathogenesis of cerebellar infarcts -- Cerebellar hemorrhage -- Cerebellar vein thrombosis -- Diagnosis of cerebellar stroke -- Treatment of cerebellar stroke -- References -- 9 Immune diseases -- Multiple sclerosis -- Clinical manifestations -- Diagnostic criteria -- Differential diagnosis -- Neurophysiology -- Neuroimaging -- CSF studies -- Neuropathology -- Pathogenesis -- Treatment -- Ataxia with anti-GAD antibodies -- Clinical presentation -- Neuroimaging -- Neuropathology -- Blood studies -- Treatment -- Celiac disease and gluten ataxia -- Clinical presentation -- Blood studies -- Neuroimaging -- Small bowel biopsy -- Pathogenesis -- Treatment -- Other immune disorders affecting the cerebellum -- References -- 10 Endocrine disorders -- Thyroid disorders -- Hypothyroidism -- Hyperthyroidism -- Hashimoto ataxia -- Drug-induced dysfunction of the thyroid gland -- Parathyroid disorders -- Cerebellar ataxia and diabetes -- Cerebellar ataxia and hypogonadism -- References -- 11 Infectious diseases -- Bacterial infections -- Neuroimaging -- Treatment of cerebellar abscesses -- Cerebellitis -- Clinical presentation -- Infectious agents -- Pathogenesis.

Investigations -- Blood studies -- CSF studies -- Clinical neurophysiology -- MRI -- MRS -- SPECT -- Ultrasound -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment of cerebellitis -- Prognosis -- Human prion diseases -- Clinical presentation -- Differential diagnosis -- Neuroimaging -- Neurophysiology -- CSF studies -- Genetic aspects -- Neuropathology -- Treatment -- References -- 12 Corticobasal degeneration -- Clinical features -- Brain imaging -- Neurophysiology -- Neuropathology -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- References -- 13 Tumors and paraneoplastic disorders -- Medulloblastomas -- Cerebellar astrocytomas -- Brainstem gliomas -- Hemangioblastomas -- Ependymomas -- Meningiomas -- Schwannomas (neurinomas) -- Epidermoid and dermoid tumors -- Primary lymphomas of the CNS -- Lhermitte-Duclos disease -- Cerebellar metastases -- Complications of chemotherapy, phenytoin, lithium salts -- Superficial siderosis -- Stroke -- Infections -- Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration -- Langerhans histiocytosis -- Erdheim-Chester disease -- References -- 14 Trauma of the posterior fossa -- Clinical presentation -- Types of trauma -- Investigations -- Management -- Late complications -- References -- 15 Toxic agents -- Cerebellar toxicity of alcohol -- Clinical findings -- Cerebellar atrophy -- Posture and gait studies -- Blood studies -- Neuropathology -- Pathogenesis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- Drugs -- Anticonvulsants -- Phenytoin -- Carbamazepine -- Other anticonvulsants -- Antineoplastics -- 5-Fluorouracil -- Cytosine arabinoside -- Methotrexate -- Cisplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel -- Other drugs -- Lithium salts -- Amiodarone -- Procainamide -- Cyclosporin and other calcineurin inhibitors -- Metronidazole -- Brimonidine tartrate -- Drug abuse -- Cocaine -- Heroin -- Methadone -- Phencyclidine -- Herbs -- Environmental causes of cerebellar ataxia.

Heavy metals -- Mercury -- Lead -- Toluenebenzene derivatives -- Hyperthermia -- Carbon monoxide -- Cyanide -- Chemical weapons -- Insecticidesherbicides -- Polychlorinated biphenyls -- Eucalytpus oil -- Saxitoxin (shellfish poisoning) -- Consumption of edible morels -- Animal-related cerebellar toxicity -- Scorpions -- References -- 16 Autism spectrum disorders and ataxia -- Description and clinical features -- Brain imaging -- Neurophysiology -- Neuropathology -- Genetic studies -- Pathogenesis of autism: role of the cerebellum? -- Phenotypic overlap with other disorders -- References -- 17 Progressive myoclonic epilepsies -- References -- 18 Multiple system atrophy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnostic criteria -- Neuroimaging -- Assessment of autonomic nervous system -- Differential diagnosis -- Neuropathology -- Treatment -- References -- 19 Essential tremor -- Epidemiology -- Clinical features -- Neurophysiological studies -- Neuroimaging studies -- Genetic studies -- Environmental factors -- Neuropathology -- Treatment -- References -- 20 Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias -- Friedreich ataxia -- Clinical description -- Neurophysiological investigations -- Neuroimaging -- Molecular genetics -- Biochemical aspects -- Neuropathology -- Pathology of the heart -- Differential diagnosis of disorders associated with cerebral iron accumulation -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Ataxia-telangiectasia -- Clinical description -- Neurophysiological investigations -- Neuroimaging -- Molecular genetics -- Blood investigations -- Sensitivity to ionizing radiation -- Neuropathology -- Differential diagnosis -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Ataxia and isolated vitamin E deficiency -- Clinical description -- Blood studies -- Neuroimaging -- Neurophysiology -- Neuropathology -- Genetic and molecular aspects -- Treatment -- Abetalipoproteinemia -- Clinical description.

Blood studies.