Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Black Holes in Nature -- 1.2 Energy Fluxes -- 1.3 Timing Studies and Black-Hole Mass Estimates -- 1.4 Flux Distribution -- 1.5 The Nighttime Sky -- Chapter 2. Relativistic Kinematics -- 2.1 Lorentz Transformation Equations -- 2.2 Four-Vectors and Momentum -- 2.3 Relativistic Doppler Factor -- 2.4 Three Useful Invariants -- 2.5 Relativistic Reaction Rate -- 2.6 Secondary Production Spectra -- Chapter 3. Introduction to Curved Spacetime -- 3.1 Special Relativity -- 3.2 Curved Space/Spacetime -- 3.3 The Schwarzschild Metric -- Chapter 4. Physical Cosmology -- 4.1 Robertson-Walker Metric -- 4.2 Friedmann Models -- 4.2.1 Hubble Relation from the Cosmological Principle -- 4.2.2 Expansion of the Universe -- 4.2.3 Einstein-de Sitter Universe -- 4.2.4 Universe with Zero Cosmological Constant -- 4.2.5 Flat Universe -- 4.3 Luminosity and Angular-Diameter Distances -- 4.4 Event Rate of Bursting Sources -- 4.5 Flux and Intensity from Distributed Sources -- Chapter 5. Radiation Physics of Relativistic Flows -- 5.1 Radiation Preliminaries -- 5.2 Invariant Quantities -- 5.3 Blackbody Radiation Field -- 5.4 Transformed Quantities -- 5.4.1 Transformation of Total Distribution and Energy -- 5.4.2 Transformation of Differential Distributions -- 5.5 Fluxes of Relativistic Cosmological Sources -- 5.5.1 Blob Geometry -- 5.5.2 Spherical Shell Geometry -- 5.5.3 Equivalence of Blob and Blast Wave Geometries -- Chapter 6. Compton Scattering -- 6.1 Compton Effect -- 6.2 The Compton Cross Section -- 6.3 Transforming the Compton Cross Section -- 6.3.1 Differential Thomson Cross Section -- 6.3.2 Head-on Approximation -- 6.3.3 Differential Compton Cross Section -- 6.3.4 Moments of the Compton Cross Section -- 6.3.5 Compton Scattering in the δ-Function Approximation.

6.4 Energy-Loss Rates in Compton Scattering -- 6.4.1 Thomson Energy-Loss Rate -- 6.4.2 Klein-Nishina Energy-Loss Rate -- 6.5 Differential Compton Cross Sections and Spectra -- 6.5.1 Comparison of Scattered Spectra for Different ERF Photon Energies -- 6.5.2 Spectral Comparisons for Isotropic Monochromatic Photons and Power-Law Electrons -- 6.6 Thomson Scattering: Isotropic Photons and Electrons -- 6.6.1 Thomson-Scattered Radiation Spectrum in the δ-Function Approximation -- 6.6.2 Spectral Comparisons for Isotropic Power-Law Photons and Electrons -- 6.7 External Photon Fields Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons -- 6.7.1 Thomson-Scattered Spectrum for an External Point Source of Radiation from Behind -- 6.7.2 Thomson-Scattered Spectrum for External Isotropic Radiation in the δ-Function Approximation -- 6.7.3 External Isotropic Photons Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons -- 6.7.4 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons -- 6.8 Accretion-Disk Field Compton-Scattered by Jet Electrons -- 6.8.1 Optically Thick Shakura-Sunyaev Disk Spectrum -- 6.8.2 Integrated Emission Spectrum from Shakura-Sunyaev Disk -- 6.8.3 Transformed Accretion-Disk Radiation Field -- 6.8.4 Thomson-Scattered Shakura-Sunyaev Disk Spectrum in the Near Field -- 6.8.5 Thomson-Scattered Shakura-Sunyaev Disk Spectrum in the Far Field -- 6.8.6 Beaming Patterns -- 6.9 Broad-Line Region Scattered Radiation -- Chapter 7. Synchrotron Radiation -- 7.1 Covariant Electrodynamics -- 7.2 Synchrotron Power and Peak Frequency -- 7.3 Elementary Synchrotron Radiation Formulae -- 7.3.1 Relations between Emitted, Received, and 90° Pitch-Angle Powers -- 7.3.2 Particle Synchrotron Radiation -- 7.3.3 Synchrotron Spectrum from a Power-Law Electron Distribution -- 7.4 δ-Function Approximation for Synchrotron Radiation -- 7.5 Equipartition Magnetic Field.

7.5.1 Equipartition Magnetic Field: Qualitative Estimate -- 7.5.2 Equipartition Magnetic Field: Quantitative Treatment -- 7.6 Energetics and Minimum Jet Powers -- 7.7 Synchrotron Self-Compton Radiation -- 7.7.1 SSC in the Thomson Regime -- 7.7.2 SSC in the Thomson Regime for Broken Power-Law Electron Distribution -- 7.7.3 Accurate SSC for General Electron Distribution -- 7.7.4 Synchrotron/SSC Model -- 7.7.5 SSC Electron Energy-Loss Rate -- 7.8 Synchrotron Self-Absorption -- 7.8.1 Einstein Coefficients -- 7.8.2 Brightness Temperature and Self-Absorbed Flux: Qualitative Discussion -- 7.8.3 Derivation of the Synchrotron Self-Absorption Coefficient -- 7.8.4 δ-Function Approximation for Synchrotron Self-Absorption -- 7.8.5 Synchrotron Self-Absorption Coefficient for Power-Law Electrons -- 7.9 Maximum Brightness Temperature -- 7.10 Compton Limits on the Doppler Factor -- 7.11 Self-Absorbed Synchrotron Spectrum -- 7.12 Hyper-Relativistic Electrons -- 7.13 Jitter Radiation -- Chapter 8. Binary Particle Collision Processes -- 8.1 Coulomb Energy Losses -- 8.1.1 Stopping Power of Cold Plasma -- 8.1.2 Thermal Relaxation -- 8.1.3 Stopping Power of Thermal Plasma -- 8.1.4 Knock-On Electrons -- 8.2 Bremsstrahlung -- 8.2.1 Electron Bremsstrahlung Energy-Loss Rate -- 8.2.2 Electron Bremsstrahlung Production Spectra -- 8.3 Secondary Nuclear Production -- 8.3.1 γ Rays from π[sup(0)] Decay -- 8.3.2 Cross Section for p + p→ π + X Production -- 8.4 Electron-Positron Annihilation Radiation -- 8.4.1 Annihilation in a Thermal Medium -- 8.4.2 Thermal Annihilation Line and Continuum Spectra -- 8.5 Nuclear γ-Ray Line Production -- Chapter 9. Photohadronic Processes -- 9.1 Scattering and Energy-Loss Timescales -- 9.2 Photopion Process -- 9.2.1 Photopion Cross Section -- 9.2.2 Analytic Expression for Photopion Cross Section.

9.2.3 Numerical Calculation of Photopion Cross Section -- 9.2.4 Photopion Energy-Loss Rate -- 9.2.5 GZK Energy -- 9.2.6 Stochastic and Continuous Energy Losses -- 9.3 Photopair Process -- 9.3.1 Photopair Cross Section -- 9.3.2 Photopair Energy-Loss Timescale -- 9.3.3 Accurate Expression for Photopair Energy-Loss Rates of Ions in an Isotropic Radiation Field -- 9.3.4 Relative Importance of Photopion and Photopair Losses -- 9.4 Expansion Losses -- 9.5 Cosmogenic Neutrino Flux -- 9.6 Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Evolution -- 9.6.1 Normalization to Local Luminosity Density -- 9.6.2 Energy Evolution of Cosmic-Ray Protons -- 9.6.3 Rate Density Evolution and the Star Formation Rate -- 9.7 Waxman-Bahcall Bound -- 9.8 UHECR and GZK Neutrino Intensities -- 9.9 Photonuclear Reactions -- 9.9.1 Photodisintegration Reaction Rate -- 9.9.2 Effective Photodisintegration Energy-Loss Rate -- 9.9.3 Neutrinos from Photodisintegration -- Chapter 10. γγ Pair Production -- 10.1 γγ Pair Production Cross Section -- 10.1.1 Absorption by a Blackbody and a Modified Blackbody Photon Gas -- 10.1.2 Absorption by a Power-Law Photon Gas in a Relativistic Jet -- 10.1.3 γγ Attenuation in Anisotropic Radiation Fields -- 10.2 δ-Function Approximation for σγγ -- 10.3 Opacity of the Universe to γγ Attenuation -- 10.3.1 γγ Optical Depth of the Universe -- 10.3.2 Measurements of the EBL -- 10.3.3 γγ Attenuation at Low Redshifts -- 10.3.4 γγ Attenuation at All Redshifts -- 10.4 The γ -Ray Horizon -- 10.5 Compactness Parameter -- 10.6 Minimum Doppler Factor from γγ Constraint -- 10.7 Correlated γ -Ray and Neutrino Fluxes -- 10.8 Electromagnetic Cascades -- 10.8.1 Cascades in Jets -- 10.8.2 Cascades in the Intergalactic Medium -- 10.9 γγ → ν -- Chapter 11. Blast-Wave Physics -- 11.1 Fireballs and Relativistic Blast Waves -- 11.1.1 Blast-Wave Deceleration -- 11.1.2 Blast-Wave Equation of Motion.

11.1.3 Dissipated Internal Energy -- 11.2 Elementary Blast-Wave Theory -- 11.2.1 Characteristic Electron Energies -- 11.2.2 Characteristic Synchrotron Frequencies -- 11.2.3 Afterglow Theory -- 11.3 Relativistic Shock Hydrodynamics -- 11.3.1 Relativistic Shock Thermodynamics -- 11.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation from a Relativistic Reverse Shock -- 11.4 Beaming Breaks and Jets -- 11.5 Synchrotron Self-Compton Radiation -- 11.6 Theory of the Prompt Phase -- 11.6.1 X-Ray Flares and γ-Ray Pulses from External Shocks -- 11.6.2 Colliding Shells and Internal Shocks -- 11.7 Thermal Photospheres -- 11.7.1 The Amati and Ghirlanda Relations -- 11.7.2 Thermodynamics of a Steady Relativistic Wind -- 11.7.3 Photospheric Radius -- 11.7.4 Pair Photosphere -- 11.8 Thermal Neutrons -- 11.9 GRB Cosmology -- Chapter 12. Introduction to Fermi Acceleration -- 12.1 Stochastic and Shock Fermi Acceleration -- 12.2 Wave Turbulence Spectrum -- 12.3 The Hillas Condition -- 12.4 Energy Gain per Cycle from Fermi Acceleration -- 12.5 Diffusion in Physical Space -- 12.6 Maximum Particle Energy -- Chapter 13. First-Order Fermi Acceleration -- 13.1 Nonrelativistic Shock Hydrodynamics -- 13.2 Convection-Diffusion Equation -- 13.3 Nonrelativistic Shock Acceleration -- 13.3.1 Spectral Index from Convection-Diffusion Equation -- 13.3.2 Spectral Index from Probability Arguments -- 13.3.3 Finite Shell Width -- 13.3.4 Cosmic-Ray Pressure and Shock Width -- 13.3.5 Maximum Particle Energy in Nonrelativistic Shock Acceleration -- 13.3.6 Maximum Particle Energy in Nonrelativistic Shocks -- 13.3.7 Amplification of Upstream Medium Magnetic Field -- 13.4 Relativistic Shock Acceleration -- 13.4.1 Fokker-Planck Equation for a Stationary, Parallel Shock -- 13.4.2 Spectral Index in Relativistic Shock Acceleration -- 13.4.3 Maximum Particle Energies in Relativistic Shock Acceleration.

Chapter 14. Second-Order Fermi Acceleration.