Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section 1 Imaging techniques -- Chapter 1 The future of imaging and assisted reproduction -- Introduction -- Technology -- Uterus -- Ovaries -- Fallopian tubes -- Lower genital tract -- Pituitary -- Peritoneum -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Ultrasonography: physics and principles -- Introduction -- Ultrasound physics -- Basic principles of sound -- From sound to image -- Producing a sound wave -- Receiving the echoes -- Forming the image -- Modes of ultrasonography -- Types of Doppler ultrasound flow modes -- Modes of Doppler waves -- Blood flow measurements -- Safety issues -- References -- Suggested reading -- Chapter 3 Hysterosalpingography -- Introduction -- Hysterosalpingography -- Effects on fertility following the use of oil-based compared with water-soluble contrast medium -- Uterine cavity and abnormalities -- Uterine anomalies -- Intrauterine adhesions or synechiae -- Hysterosalpingography in patients with irregular uterine bleeding -- Salpingography -- Pathology of the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube -- Pathology of distal part of fallopian tube -- Fallopian tube recanalization: an underutilized procedure for treatment of primary infertility -- References -- Chapter 4 Fertiloscopy -- Introduction -- Technique [10] -- Imaging -- Operative fertiloscopy -- Justification of fertiloscopy -- Can fertiloscopy be used as a first-line infertility test? -- Strategy for fertiloscopy -- Complications -- Case studies [18] -- Procedures -- Findings of diagnostic fertiloscopy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Sonohysterography -- Introduction -- Procedural method -- Indications -- Contradictions -- Timing -- Technique -- Optimizing performance -- Complications -- Diagnostic accuracy.

Specific imaging examples -- Submucous myoma -- Endometrial polyp -- Blood clot -- Endometrial malignancy -- Effects of tamoxifen -- Intrauterine synechia -- Congenital uterine anomaly -- Additional studies -- 3D SIS -- Sonosalpingography or hysterosalpingoontrast sonography (HyCoSy) -- Operative SIS -- Sonovaginography -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 6 Diagnostic hysteroscopy -- The history of hysteroscopy: light, optics, distension -- Distension media -- Hyskon -- Low-viscosity electrolyte-free solutions -- Preparing the cervix -- Anesthesia/analgesia -- Conscious sedation -- Local anesthetic injection -- Topical anesthesia -- Transcervical anesthesia -- No anesthesia -- Vaginoscopic approach -- Rigid or flexible hysteroscopy? -- Performing the procedure: instruments and techniques -- Instrument care -- Applications -- Should hysteroscopy be a part of the basic infertility workup? -- Routine office hysteroscopy in the investigation of infertile couples before assisted reproduction -- Recurrent IVF treatment failure -- Complications -- References -- Chapter 7 Ethics of ultrasonography -- The principle of beneficence -- The principle of autonomy -- Women's autonomy -- The unborn child's autonomy -- Key points in clinical practice -- Conclusion -- References -- Section 2 Ultrasonography in infertility -- Chapter 8 3D Ultrasonography and infertility -- Introduction -- Estimating the ovarian reserve with 3D US -- Evaluating ovarian stroma flow with 3D US -- Evaluating uterine pathology and müllerian anomalies using 3D US -- Diagnosing benign uterine pathologies: endometrial polyps and leiomyomas -- Analyzing the endometrium -- The endometrium in infertile women -- Endometrial studies in women undergoing ART -- Early pregnancy -- References -- Chapter 9 Ultrasonography and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome -- Introduction.

Diagnostic criteria for PCOS -- NIH criteria -- Rotterdam criteria -- Ultrasound assessment of polycystic ovary -- Ultrasound techniques -- Transabdominal ultrasound -- Transvaginal ultrasound -- Three-dimensional ultrasound -- Timing of the ultrasound examination -- Ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of PCOS -- Antral follicle count -- Total ovarian volume -- Stromal area and ovarian area -- Stromal echogenicity -- Vascularity -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 10 Ultrasonography and the treatment of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome -- Introduction -- Historical perspective -- Ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium in women with PCOS -- Three-dimensional ultrasound: use in women with PCOS -- Follicular monitoring during COH using transvaginal ultrasound -- Conclusions -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 11 Ultrasonography of uterine fibroids -- Introduction -- Etiology and classification -- Location of fibroids -- Classification of fibroids impinging on the uterine cavity -- Diagnosis -- Ultrasound instrumentation and technique -- Ultrasound appearance of fibroids -- Differential diagnoses -- Adenomyosis -- Diffuse leiomyomatosis -- Endometrial polyps -- Ovarian mass -- Leiomyosarcoma -- Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis -- Other pelvic masses -- Ultrasound reporting -- Other diagnostic options -- 3D scanning -- Saline infusion sonohysterography -- Hystero-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) -- Use of color/power Doppler -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Prognosis -- Gynecological, obstetric, and postpartum complications -- Fertility -- Implantation -- Implantation and cavity-distorting .broids particularly -- Intramural fibroids and implantation -- Miscarriage -- IVF outcome -- Treatment -- Medical treatment -- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy -- Surgical treatment.

Hysteroscopic myomectomy -- Laparoscopic myomectomy -- Abdominal myomectomy -- Radiologic treatment -- Uterine artery embolization -- Myolysis -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 12 Ultrasonography of the endometrium -- Introduction -- Endometrial evaluation -- Endometrial pattern -- Endometrial thickness -- Endometrial waves -- Endometrial changes during spontaneous cycles -- Endometrial changes during ovulation induction -- Critical ultrasound values for ovulation induction -- Endometrial pattern -- Endometrial thickness -- Critical ultrasound values for IVF cycles -- Endometrial pattern -- Endometrial thickness -- Other ultrasound findings -- Preclinical miscarriage (biochemical pregnancy) -- Clinical management -- References -- Chapter 13 Ultrasonography of the cervix -- Introduction -- Morphology of the uterine cervix [3] -- Route of ultrasound evaluation of the cervix -- Transperineal route -- Technique of transvaginal ultrasound -- Nabothian cysts -- Cervical polyps -- Cervical fibroids -- Müllerian anomalies -- Ultrasound examination of the cervix in pregnancy -- Cervical assessment at midtrimester -- Cervical funneling -- Timing of ultrasound examination of the cervix during pregnancy: when to perform the cervical ultrasound assessment? -- Ultrasounduided embryo transfer: transabdominal ultrasounduided ET and importance of uterocervical angle -- Placenta previa -- Vasa previa -- Cervical pregnancy -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 14 Color Doppler imaging of ovulation induction -- Vascular supply of the ovaries -- Transvaginal ovarian color Doppler imaging -- Blood flow during the follicular, periovulatory, and miduteal period in spontaneous and induced cycles -- Role of transvaginal pulsed color Doppler in assisted conception -- Key points in clinical practice -- Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 15 Ultrasonography of pelvic endometriosis -- Introduction -- Clinical symptoms -- Classification -- Types -- Diagnosis of endometriosis -- Ultrasonographic characteristics of ovarian endometrioma -- Endometriosis in atypical locations -- Adenomyosis -- Endometriosis and infertility -- Key points in clinical practice -- References -- Chapter 16 Adenomyosis -- Introduction -- Diagnosis of adenomyosis -- Clinical features -- Pathology -- Sonographic features of fibroids and adenomyosis -- Typical sonographic features of fibroids -- Typical sonographic features of adenomyosis -- Fibroids -- Adenomyosis -- Sonohysterography in adenomyosis -- The diagnosis of adenomyosis -- The modality of choice -- Accuracy of diagnosis -- Prevalence of adenomyosis -- Adenomyosis and infertility -- Treatment of adenomyosis -- Medical treatment -- Surgical treatment -- References -- Chapter 17 Congenital uterine malformations -- Embryological development of the uterus -- Incidence of müllerian uterine anomalies -- Hysterosalpingography (HSG) -- Two-dimensional ultrasonography -- Three-dimensional ultrasonography -- Sonohysterography -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 Uterine septum -- Introduction -- Embryology of uterine septum -- Prevalence of uterine septum -- Types -- Structure -- Diagnosis of uterine septum and the role of ultrasonography -- Imaging -- Hysterosalpingography (HSG) -- Ultrasonography (US) -- Sonohysterography (SHG) -- Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D US) -- Doppler ultrasonography -- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- Surgery -- Reproductive problems associated with uterine septum -- Management of uterine septum and the role of ultrasonography -- Which septum needs resection? -- Preoperative preparation -- Operative technique -- Postoperative care.

Role of ultrasonography in the management of uterine septum.