Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- I Introduction and Theory -- 1 Introduction -- What is competitive authoritarianism? -- Situating the Concept -- Elections -- Civil Liberties -- An Uneven Playing Field -- Competition without Democracy: Contestation and Uncertainty in Nondemocracies -- Alternative Conceptualizations of Hybrid Regimes: Do We Need a New Subtype? -- The rise of competitive authoritarianism -- Diverging outcomes: competitive authoritarian regime trajectories, 1990-2008 -- Explaining divergent outcomes: the argument in brief -- Theoretical implications -- The distinctive logic of competitive authoritarian politics -- Informal Institutions -- Succession Politics -- Party Behavior -- Case selection and methods -- Plan of the book -- 2 Explaining Competitive Authoritarian Regime Trajectories: International Linkage and the Organizational Power of Incumbents -- The international dimension: linkage and leverage -- Western Leverage -- Linkage to the West -- Shaping Incentives: International Reverberation and the Cost of Government Abuse -- Shaping Interests: Creating Domestic Constituencies for Democratic Behavior -- Shaping the Distribution of Power and Resources -- Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization -- The domestic dimension: organizational power and authoritarian stability -- State Coercive Capacity -- Party Strength -- State Economic Control as a Substitute for Coercive and Party Organization -- Combining State and Party Strength -- The Impact of Opposition Strength -- Synthesis of the argument -- Alternative approaches -- Economic Explanations: Modernization, Inequality, and Economic Performance -- Institutional Design -- The Role of Leadership -- Conclusion: a structuralist argument.

II High Linkage and Democratization: Eastern Europe and the Americas -- 3 Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization in Eastern Europe -- Linkage, democratization, and the eu: slovakia and romania -- Slovakia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Romania -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Linkage and democratization amid ethnic civil war: serbia and croatia -- Serbia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Croatia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Linkage and democratization amidst state collapse: albania and macedonia -- Albania -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Macedonia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Conclusion -- 4 Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization in the Americas -- High linkage, high leverage, and democratization: the dominican republic, nicaragua, and guyana -- Dominican Republic -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Nicaragua -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Guyana -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Mexico: linkage without leverage -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Medium linkage and high leverage: peru and haiti -- Peru -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Haiti -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Conclusion.

III The Dynamics of Competitive Authoritarianism in Low-Linkage Regions: The Former Soviet Union, Africa, and Asia -- 5 The Evolution of Post-Soviet Competitive Authoritarianism -- Leverage, organizational power, and authoritarian stability: russia, belarus, and armenia -- Russia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime under Yeltsin (1992-1999) -- Authoritarian Consolidation under Putin: 2000-2008 -- Belarus -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Armenia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Organizational weakness and authoritarian instability: ukraine, georgia, and moldova -- Ukraine -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Georgia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Moldova -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Conclusion -- 6 Africa -- Organizational power and authoritarian stability: zimbabwe, mozambique, botswana, and tanzania -- Zimbabwe -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Mozambique -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Tanzania -- Botswana -- Black knights and regime survival: cameroon and gabon -- Cameroon -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Gabon -- Political machines, crisis, and turnover without democratization: kenya and senegal -- Kenya -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Senegal -- Low organizational power and regime instability -- Madagascar -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime.

Malawi -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Zambia -- Benin -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Mali -- Ghana: lessons from an outlier -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Conclusion -- 7 Diverging Outcomes in Asia -- Taiwan -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Malaysia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- Cambodia -- Linkage, Leverage, and Organizational Power -- Origins and Evolution of the Regime -- The Transition to Competitive Authoritarianism (1989-1993) -- Authoritarian Reconsolidation, 1993-2008 -- Conclusion -- 8 Conclusion -- Evaluating the theory's performance -- Comparison over Time and across Regions -- Alternative Explanations -- Theoretical extensions -- Linkage, Leverage, and Democratization -- Political Parties, Elite Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability -- Organizational Power, Regime Transitions, and Democracy: Two Paradoxes -- Institutional Weakness -- Conclusion: understanding authoritarian persistence -- Appendix I: Measuring Competitive Authoritarianism and Authoritarian Stability -- I. Full authoritarianism -- II. Competitive authoritarianism -- (1) Unfair Elections -- (2) Violation of Civil Liberties -- (3) Uneven Playing Field -- III. Democracy -- Coding regime outcomes -- Democratization -- Stable Authoritarianism -- Unstable Authoritarianism -- Regime scores -- Appendix II: Measuring Leverage -- Appendix III: Measuring Linkage -- Appendix IV: Measuring Organizational Power -- State coercive capacity -- Scope -- Cohesion -- Party strength -- Scope -- Cohesion -- Discretionary state control of the economy -- Scoring Organizational Power -- References -- Index.