Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Table of cases -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part I: The concept of personality in international law -- 1 Notion -- 2 Conceptions -- 3 Significance -- Part II: The conceptions of personality in international law: their origins and legal manifestations -- 4 Early doctrine and practice -- Before Vattel: international law as an all-embracing web of laws -- Vattel: international law as an inter-state law -- After Vattel: pragmatic law-application, unresolved law-creation -- 5 The states-only conception -- Basic propositions -- Origins of the basic propositions -- The problem of German (and Italian) statehood -- The state as a historical fact absorbing individuals -- Law as an expression of state will -- Main manifestations in legal practice -- The Mavrommatis-formula -- The Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig Advisory Opinion -- The Serbian Loans statement on state contracts -- The direct effect of European Community law -- 6 The recognition conception -- Basic propositions -- Origins of the basic propositions -- Germany and Italy transformed -- The framework of the states-only conception confirmed -- Supplementation with a sociological perspective -- Main manifestations in legal practice -- The Reparation for Injuries Advisory Opinion -- The international legal status of the ICRC -- The Holy See and the Order of Malta as international persons -- The Texaco/Calasiatic v. Libya award -- 7 The individualistic conception -- Basic propositions -- Origins of the basic propositions -- Interwar Europe -- The state as a functional entity shaped by individuals -- Constitutional principles as sources of law -- Main manifestations in legal practice -- The Nuremberg judgment and international criminal law.

Civil responsibility of private parties for ius cogens violations -- International human rights law in the ECHR -- 8 The formal conception -- Basic propositions -- Origins of the basic propositions -- Devolution of empire and scientific method -- The normative view of the state -- Law as a formally complete system of positive norms -- Main manifestations in legal practice -- The ICJ's decision in LaGrand and individual treaty rights -- The effect of Article 42 ICSID Convention (Amco v. Indonesia) -- 9 The actor conception -- Basic propositions -- Origins of the basic propositions -- American realism -- The rule-sceptic view of law -- The reconciliation of the normative and the actual -- Main manifestations in legal practice -- The Bank for International Settlements arbitration -- The International Tin Council cases and beyond -- The award in Sandline v. Papua New Guinea -- Part III: A framework for personality in international law -- 10 Appraisal of the conceptions and their assumptions -- Recapitulation -- Evaluation -- The state: fact vs. legal status -- Individual freedom: inside vs. outside the state -- Particular vs. general international law -- Effective action vs. principled justification -- Conclusion -- 11 An individualistic and formal frame of reference -- Basic principles -- Implications for particular legal issues -- Conclusion -- Bioliography -- Index.