Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1.1 The European Dimension -- 1.2 Plan of the Book -- Chapter 1 All You Need to Know to Become an Austrian: Naturalisation Policy and Citizenship Testing in Austria -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Political Debate on Naturalisation -- 1.3 The Nationality Act of 2006 -- 1.4 Empirical Analysis -- 1.5 Methodology -- 1.6 The Content of the Test -- 1.6.1 The Federal Level -- 1.6.2 The Provincial Level -- 1.6.3 Explaining the Differences -- 1.7 Naturalisation Statistics and Citizenship Testing -- 1.8 Conclusions -- Chapter 2 Citizenship Tests in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK -- 2.1 Concepts of Citizenship -- 2.1.1 Liberal Citizenship -- 2.1.2 Republican Citizenship -- 2.1.3 Communitarian Citizenship -- 2.2 Towards More Demanding Ways of Integration Testing -- 2.2.1 From a Liberal to a Communitarian Understanding of Citizenship: The Case of the Netherlands -- 2.2.1.1 A proposal for amending the Dutch Nationality Act -- 2.2.1.2 1998: a new bill is proposed -- 2.2.1.3 Replacement of the naturalisation test -- 2.2.2 Encouraging Community Cohesion: The Debate in the United Kingdom -- 2.2.2.1 The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill -- 2.2.2.2 The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Bill in Parliament -- 2.2.2.3 The New and the Old -- 2.2.2.4 Sufficient knowledge of life and language in the UK -- 2.2.2.5 Path to citizenship -- 2.2.3 Failed Liberalisation: The German Debate -- 2.2.3.1 A Red-Green proposal for reform -- 2.2.3.2 Discussion of the coalition Bill in Parliament -- 2.2.3.3 The debates surrounding the Immigration Act -- 2.2.3.4 Introducing citizenship tests in certain Länder -- 2.2.3.5 Testing integration: the proposals of the Länder -- 2.2.3.6 Testing integration: the government proposals -- 2.2.4 Conclusions -- 2.3 The different citizenship tests.

2.3.1 Content of the knowledge of society tests -- 2.4 Effects of the Knowledge Requirements -- 2.4.1 The Netherlands: Falling Numbers -- Results of the Dutch naturalisation test -- 2.4.1.1 'Problem Categories' -- 2.4.2 The United Kingdom: steady rise -- Results of the Life in the UK test -- 2.5 Effects of the German Knowledge Requirements -- Results of the German Einburgerungstest -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Chapter 3 On Trial in Denmark -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Danish immigration -- 3.2.1 Trends in Danish immigration -- 3.2.2 Danish Aliens Policy -- 3.3 Integration programmes -- 3.3.1 The Introduction of An Integration Act -- 3.3.2 Integration Programmes -- 3.4 Danish Language Courses for Adult Foreigners -- 3.4.1 Legislation on Danish Language Courses -- 3.4.2 Content of Danish Language Courses and Tests -- 3.4.3 Target Group -- 3.4.4 Fees -- 3.4.5 Statistics -- 3.5 Access to Permanent Residence and the Right to Family Reunification -- 3.5.1 Third-country Nationals -- 3.5.2 Union Citizens -- 3.6 The Integration Test -- 3.6.1 Background -- 3.6.2 Target Group -- 3.6.3 Content of the Test -- 3.6.4 Attitudes Towards the Test -- 3.6.5 Statistics -- 3.7 The Immigration Test -- 3.7.1 Background -- 3.7.2 Target Group -- 3.7.3 Test Level, Content and Procedures -- 3.8 Language Test Requirements as a Condition for Naturalisation -- 3.8.1 Background -- 3.8.2 The Naturalisation Procedure -- 3.8.3 The Language Requirements for Naturalisation -- 3.8.4 Target Group -- 3.8.5 Public and Political Debate -- 3.8.6 Statistics -- 3.8.7 To sum up -- 3.9 The Citizenship Test -- 3.9.1 Background -- 3.9.2 The Citizenship Test -- 3.9.3 Development of the Test -- 3.9.4 The Citizenship Test and the Textbook -- 3.9.5 The Target Group -- 3.9.6 Public and Political Debate -- 3.9.7 Statistics -- 3.9.8 To sum up -- 3.10 Conclusion.

Chapter 4 Integration Measures in France: An Evolving Process between Integration and Migration Issues -- 4.1 The Evolving Nature of Integration Measures -- 4.1.1 Widening the Scope of Integration Measures -- 4.1.1.1 The concept of republican integration applicable to long-term residence applications -- 4.1.1.2 The creation of an integration contract applicable to any residence permit application -- 4.1.1.3 The creation of an integration contract for the family in cases of family reunification -- 4.1.2 Strengthening the Content and the Effects of Integration Measures -- 4.1.2.1 The content of the integration contract -- 4.1.2.2 The effects of the integration contract -- Integration contract -- The integration contract for the family within the framework of family reunification -- 4.2 The Establishment of Integration Measures in the Country of Origin -- 4.2.1 Framing the Project -- 4.2.1.1 Political objectives -- 4.2.1.2 Legal barriers -- 4.2.2 Implementing the Project -- 4.2.2.1 Evaluation of the knowledge level -- 4.2.2.2 Consequences of the evaluations -- 4.2.2.3 Exemptions -- 4.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Integration Tests in Germany. A Communitarian Approach? -- 5.1 Why and under what Circumstances were the Tests Introduced? -- 5.2 The Existing Integration Requirements -- 5.3 A Closer Look at the Content of German Integration Requirements -- 5.4 Results of Existing Evaluations and Effectiveness of the Measures -- 5.4.1 Discussion of the Effectiveness of Integration Requirements in Germany -- 5.5 Discussion: Integration Requirements and Cultural Assimilation -- Chapter 6 Ethnic Citizenship - Can it be Obtained and Tested? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Acquisition of Citizenship -- 6.2.1 Examination of applicants -- 6.2.2 Debates on the Examination -- 6.2.3 Statistics -- 6.3 Required (Pre)integration of Refugees.

6.4 Covert Integration of other Third-Country Nationals -- 6.5 Free Movement for Supposedly Integrated Persons -- 6.6 Half-hearted Policy -- 6.7 Who are we? -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Chapter 7 Latvian Integration Policy: Lost in Translation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Context and Challenges for Latvian Integration Policies -- 7.2.1 The Influence of the European Union -- 7.2.2 Russia's Influence -- 7.2.3 Integration Programme -- 7.3 Main Issues of Integration -- 7.3.1 Naturalisation and the Issue of Non-citizens -- 7.3.2 Latvian Language as Single State Language -- 7.3.3 Education Reform -- 7.4 Current Discussions on Integration -- 7.4.1 Stagnating Naturalisation Numbers -- 7.4.2 Long-term Citizenship Policy -- 7.4.3 The Position of New Immigrants -- 7.4.4 Obstacles to the Integration of Society -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Language and Integration Requirements in Belgium: Discordances Between the Flemish Policy of 'Inburgering' and the Federal Legislators' View(s) on the Integration of Newcomers and Migrants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Belgian Case -- 8.2.1 Federal Institutions and Instruments -- 8.2.1.1 Advisory bodies -- 8.2.1.2 Successive amendments of the Nationality Code -- 8.2.1.3 The political dynamics behind citizenship policies: 'ethnos' vs. 'demos' -- 8.2.2 Wallonia -- 8.2.3 Brussels-Capital -- 8.2.4 Flanders -- 8.3 Flanders and Inburgering -- 8.3.1 A Review of Official Inburgering Policy -- 8.3.2 The Public and Political Debate -- 8.3.3 Implementation and its Measurable Effects -- 8.3.3.1 The number of newcomers in Flanders -- 8.3.3.2 The social characteristics of the immigrants -- 8.3.3.3 Enforcement and sanctions -- 8.4 Peculiarities of Belgium -- 8.4.1 A Hybrid Approach: Mixing Multiculturalism and Civic Integration in Flanders -- 8.4.2 Discordance between Flemish Inburgering and the Belgian Nationality Code.

8.4.3 Flemish Policy of Inburgering in the Light of the Dutch Example -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 9 Mapping the redefinition of belonging in Europe -- 9.1 The rationale for the introduction of language and integration tests -- 9.2 The effects of the language and civic integration requirements -- 9.3 Broadening the debate: human rights and pluralism -- Annex 1 Levels of language proficiency in the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of Reference -- Index.