Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: the research workshop on critical issues in international refugee law and strategies towards interpretative harmony -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are the "critical issues" in international refugee law? -- 1.2 Bridging the theorist/researcher - jurist/practitioner divide -- 2 The research workshop academic papers, judicial response and round-table discussions -- 2.1 Panel Session 1: "[A]nd there can only be one true meaning."Adan [2001] 2 AC 477, p. 517 -- 2.2 Panel session 2: International refugee protection - The 1951 Convention and subsidiary protection -- 2.2.1 Justice Professor Harald Dorig's commentary -- 2.2.2 Justice Caroline Layden-Stevenson's commentary -- 2.2.3 The round-table discussion -- 2.2.4 The academic review commentator's remarks - Professor Elspeth Guild -- 2.3 Panel session 3: Exclusion under Article 1F and prosecution -- 2.3.1 Justice Geoffrey Care's judicial commentary -- 2.3.2 The round-table discussion on exclusion under Article 1F and prosecution -- 2.3.3 Professor Audrey Macklin's review commentary -- 2.4 Panel session 4: Economic, Social and cultural rights as grounds for a claim for refugee status -- 2.4.1 The judicial commentary on economic, social and cultural rights' violations as a basis for refugee status -- 2.4.2 The round-table discussion on economic, social and cultural rights as a basis for claiming convention refugee status -- 2.4.3 Professor Sharryn J. Aiken's review commentary -- 3 The Honourable Justice Albie Sachs's keynote address: "Once a refugee, now a judge, hears a case about the rights of refugees." -- 4 Strategies towards interpretative harmony -- 5 Conclusion -- Chapter 1 From refugee to judge of refugee law: a tentative introduction to some off-the-cuff remarks -- A reluctant 'refugee'.

B Union of Refugee Women case -- Background -- Judgment of Sachs J, in Union of Refugee Women case -- Obligations under international law -- Refugees Act -- The social and historical context -- Xenophobia -- Conclusion -- C Postscript -- Chapter 2 Individual risk, armed conflict and the standard of proof in complementary protection claims: the European Union and Canada compared -- Introduction -- Background -- Article 15: Member State practice pre-elgafaji -- (a) The requirements of article 15(c): individual threat -- Clarification by the European Court of Justice: Elgafaji -- (b) International or internal armed conflict -- Standard of proof: article 2(e) -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Running scared since 9/11: refugees, UNHCR and the purposive approach to treaty interpretation -- Introduction -- Articles 1F and 33.2 of the 1951 Convention -- Refugees and responses to 11 September 2001 -- Domestic law responses -- UNHCR's responses -- Case law since 2001 -- The purposive approach -- Double balancing -- Membership of a terrorist organization or 'exclusion by association' -- Expiation -- Rejecting a culture of exclusion -- Human Rights Treaty monitoring bodies -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Asymmetrical sovereignty and the refugee: diplomatic assurances and the failure of due process, agiza v. sweden and alzery v. sweden -- The visible state -- The invisible individual -- The invisible individual in the visible state -- Asymmetrical sovereignty and the refugee -- The invisible men who became visible -- How the men became visible in the international community -- Whose claim? Whose responsibility? -- Who controls what happens on the territory? -- Asymmetric sovereignty and the sovereign state -- Chapter 5 Economic harm as a basis for refugee status and the application of human rights law to the interpretation of economic persecution -- 1 Introduction.

2 Economic forms of persecution -- 2.1 The analytical framework: two approaches -- 2.1.1 A higher standard for economic persecution: Australia and the US (some courts) -- 2.1.2 A consistent standard for all forms of persecution: Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US (some courts) -- 2.2 The standard(s) as applied: recent case law on economic persecution -- 2.2.1 Employment -- 2.2.2 Education -- 2.2.3 Punitive fines -- 3 Competing perspectives on economic claims -- 3.1 The importance of caution -- 3.1.1 The limited purpose of the Refugee Convention -- 3.1.2 The instrumental relationship of refugee law to human rights law -- 3.1.3 Political constraints on protection -- 3.2 The importance of coherence -- 3.2.1 Refugee law in a human rights framework -- 3.2.2 The limits of human rights law in status determination -- 3.2.3 The core obligations approach to analyzing economic claims -- 4 Conclusion -- Chapter 6 The fragmented nature of the international refugee regime and its consequences: a comparative analysis of the applications of the 1951 convention -- I Introduction -- II UniversaL application of refugee jurisprudence: An elusive task? -- III A critical look at the international refugee regime: The 1951 Convention as the Edict of Nantes for the Westphalian Order -- IV Beware the gift of the white elephant: Variant applications of the 1951 Convention -- Issues from the Global South: Select profiles -- Issues from the Global North: The case of European Union -- V The promise of legal pluralism: Coming to Terms with the fragmented nature of the international refugee regime -- VI Conclusion -- Index.