Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Transliteration of Russian -- Introduction -- 1. Theoretical background: combining structural and sociolinguistic factors -- 1.1. Defining the approach: three oppositions -- 1.2. What determines CILC? Structural vs. sociolinguistic factors -- 1.2.1. Constraints on CILC -- 1.2.2. Constraints on code-switching -- 1.2.3. The importance of sociolinguistic factors -- 1.2.4. Monolingual bias -- 1.3. Macro vs. microsociolinguistics -- 1.3.1. General considerations -- 1.3.2. Understanding multilingualism -- 1.3.3. Questionnaire data on language use and language-naming problems -- 1.4. Established vs. emergent bilingualism -- 1.5. In search of a model -- 2. Emerging multilingual communication: Russian in Estonia, Russian and Estonian, Estonia's Russian -- 2.1. A brief sociolinguistic history -- 2.1.1. From the first Russian settlers to "Russian-speaking population" -- 2.1.2. Population dynamics and the failure of russification -- 2.1.3. Collapse of the Soviet Union and (re-)defining of Russian-speakers -- 2.2. Growing heterogeneity among Russian-speakers -- 2.2.1. Proficiency in Estonian and different language environments -- 2.2.2. Complexity of identity expressions -- 2.2.3. Variation in linguistic repertoires and a portrait of a bilingual Russian -- 2.3. Emerging bilingual communication -- 2.3.1. Perception of non-monolingual varieties -- 2.3.2. New patterns of Russian-to-Estonian communication -- 2.3.3. Conceptualizing new varieties of Russian and new identities -- 3. Code-copying framework and copiability -- 3.1. General considerations -- 3.2. Terms and concepts -- 3.2.1. Codes and types of code interaction -- 3.2.2. Copy and original -- 3.2.3. Item's properties and degrees of copying -- 3.2.4. Determining the basic code -- 3.2.5. Insertion of copies -- 3.2.6. Equivalence.

3.2.7. Imposition vs. adoption -- 3.2.8. Adaptation and accommodation of copies -- 3.2.9. Frame-changing and convergence -- 3.2.10. Development of new varieties -- 3.2.11. Habitualization and conventionalization of copies -- 3.2.12. Summary -- 3.3. What is copied most? Attractiveness and salience -- 3.4. Borrowability and copiability -- 3.4.1. Borrowability hierarchies -- 3.4.2. Importance of pragmatics in CILC -- 3.4.3. Semantic specificity -- 3.4.4. The three-component model of code-copying -- 3.5. Conclusions -- 4. Case studies in code-copying -- 4.1. Copying in Estonia's Russian: a general overview -- 4.2. Chronology of copying and Wertheim's three-stage model -- 4.3. Compound nouns -- 4.3.1. Estonian CN N GEN + N NOM and N NOM + N NOM -- 4.3.2. Conventional Russian equivalents of Estonian CN -- 4.3.3. Patterns of copying -- 4.3.4. Discussion -- 4.4. Copying of analytic verbs -- 4.4.1. Estonian analytic verbs -- 4.4.2. Analytic verbs vs. synthetic verbs in Estonian -- 4.4.3. Copies of analytic verbs -- 4.4.4. Discussion -- 4.5. Copying of discourse-pragmatic words -- 4.5.1. Global copying -- 4.5.2. Selective copying -- 4.5.3. Discussion -- 4.6. Summary -- 5. Code-copying and patterns of bilingual communication -- 5.1. Jocular relexification -- 5.2. "Market discourse" -- 5.3. Graphic properties and their copying -- 5.3.1. General considerations -- 5.3.2. Estonian lexical items in the original: global copying -- 5.3.3. Transliteration of Estonian lexical items: selective copying -- 5.3.4. Mixed copies -- 5.3.5. Russian items in Estonian transliteration: different directions of copying -- 5.4. Summary -- 6. Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.